Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40456918›Full record

Trial reportPediatric research2025

Neurodevelopmental outcomes after red cell transfusion exposure in male versus female extremely preterm infants.

Kendell German, Thomas R Wood, Semsa Gogcu, Patrick J Heagerty, Dennis E Mayock, Bryan A Comstock, Mihai Puia-Dumitrescu, Sarah Kolnik, Ulrike Mietzsch, Janessa Law and 5 more

Abstract readMulticenter StudyRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Pediatric research, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Kendell German *University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA. germank@uw.edu.
Thomas R Wood *University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Semsa GogcuDepartment of Pediatrics, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
Patrick J HeagertyUniversity of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Dennis E MayockUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Bryan A ComstockUniversity of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Mihai Puia-DumitrescuUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Sarah KolnikUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Ulrike MietzschUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Janessa LawUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Krystle PerezUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Gregory ValentineUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
Theo K BammlerUniversity of Washington, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA.
Sandra E JuulUniversity of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle, WA, USA.
PENUT Trial Consortium

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPacked red blood cell (pRBC) transfusions are often required in extremely premature infants but are associated with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and adverse neurodevelopment, which may differ by sex.

methodsIn this post-hoc analysis of the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection (PENUT) Trial, associations between pRBC transfusion volume and cytokines at 0-7 and 7-14 days, MRI injury, and Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) scores at 24 months corrected age were evaluated. Graphical network and generalized estimating equation models were used to examine interactions by sex as well as the influence of hematocrit level.

results182 and 164 infants were assessed with biomarkers at 0-7 and 7-14 days, 220 infants had MRIs, and 692 infants had at least one BSID-III assessment. Infant sex modified the association between pRBC transfusion volume and IL-6 at 7-14 days but did not impact the association between transfusion volume or hematocrit and BSID-III scores. Total pRBC transfusion volume was significantly negatively associated with all BSID-III subscales after accounting for anemia and severity of illness.

conclusionInfant sex may impact short-term cytokine responses to transfusions but not the association between transfusion volume and long-term outcomes. IMPACT: In a post hoc analysis of extremely preterm infants from the PENUT Trial, the relationship between transfusion exposure and pro-inflammatory cytokines, MRI scores and neurodevelopment were evaluated by sex. The impact of transfusions on inflammatory cytokines may vary by sex. However, this does not appear to lead to differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes. Based on current evidence, providers should not alter their transfusion practices based on sex of the infant.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentErythrocyte TransfusionInfant, Extremely PrematureBiomarkersCytokinesFemaleHematocritHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleNeurodevelopmental DisordersSex FactorsBiomarkersCytokines

Identifiers

PMID40456918

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.