ArticleScientific reports2025
Anti-inflammatory effect of fluvastatin on polarized macrophages and its dependence on the mevalonate pathway.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Disruption of upstream ox-LDL signaling and HSP90-mediated NLRP3 stability protects against experimental steatohepatitis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Regulation of Macrophage Polarization for Diabetic Kidney Disease by Targeted Metabolic Reprogramming.Current medical science · 2026Review
- From Chronic Inflammation to Cancer: The Role of Trained Immunity in IBD-Associated Colorectal Carcinogenesis.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota-associated immunomodulation contributes to the protective effects of fluvastatin against endometriosis in a mouse model, accompanied by increasedFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Molecular and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Statins in Inflammation and Cancer Therapeutics with Emphasis on the NF-κB, NLRP3 Inflammasome, and Cytokine Regulatory Axes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The study focuses on the effects of fluvastatin on immunomarkers of the M1 and M2 macrophages and its direct role in macrophage (M0) polarization. Moreover, it investigates the dependency of immunomodulatory properties of fluvastatin on the mevalonate pathway. Macrophages (M0, M1, M2), differentiated from human blood monocytes, were treated with fluvastatin. Mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate intermediates were introduced to assess the mevalonate pathway dependence. The immunomarkers were evaluated with qPCR, ELISA, Griess assay, and flow cytometry. Fluvastatin significantly reduces the pro-inflammatory gene expression (NFκB, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS) in M1 while enhancing the anti-inflammatory markers (Arg-1, TGFβ) in M2 macrophages. The production of the TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 cytokines is reduced in M1, and IL-10 production increased in M2 macrophages. Fluvastatin decreases the iNOS activity in M1 macrophages. The intermediates reverse the fluvastatin's effects on anti-inflammatory gene expression by M2 macrophages, cytokine production (by M1 and M2 macrophages), and iNOS activity (by M1 macrophages). Their impact on surface marker expression was somewhat limited. These findings demonstrate that fluvastatin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on polarized macrophages without affecting polarization per se and also highlight the dependency on the mevalonate pathway. This study deepens the understanding of statins' immunomodulatory mechanisms, suggesting potential applications in treating inflammatory diseases.
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