Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40455397›Full record

ArticleBioresources and bioprocessing2025

Green synthesis of calcium oxide nanocatalyst and application in transesterification of waste cooking oil.

Rajni Garg, Rishav Garg, Nnabuk Okon Eddy, Mukhtar Iderawumi Abdulraheem, Oluwadamilola Oluwatoyin Hazzan, Gholaremza Abdi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Bioresources and bioprocessing, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Rajni GargDepartment of Applied Sciences, Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, 201310, India. rajnigarg@science.org.in.
Rishav GargDepartment of Civil Engineering, Galgotias College of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, 201310, India.
Nnabuk Okon EddyDepartment of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
Mukhtar Iderawumi AbdulraheemDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
Oluwadamilola Oluwatoyin HazzanInstitute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
Gholaremza AbdiDepartment of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran. abdi@pgu.ac.ir.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1983-4369

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study aims to synthesize calcium oxide nanoparticles by employing green synthetic methods and explore their potential as nano-catalyst based upon the utilization of waste into a value-based product. Waste orange peel extract has been utilized as a reducing medium. The reaction was optimized by varying the reactants' molar ratio to obtain calcium carbonate microparticles that were calcined to obtain calcium oxide nanoparticles with a particle size ranging from 70 to 100 nm. Various spectrochemical techniques analyzed the composition and morphology of the nano-catalyst. The nano-catalyst was further exploited in the one-pot transesterification of waste cooking oil. The biodiesel was analyzed for the presence of methyl ester groups by FTIR and GCMS analysis. The impact of varying reaction constraints, including temperature, contact time, nano-catalyst concentration, and methanol-oil molar ratio, were critically analyzed to optimize biodiesel yield. The study provided an economical and environmentally benign technique to successfully synthesize calcium oxide nano-catalyst to obtain biodiesel with 93.4% yield and effective waste minimization.

Indexed as

BiodieselGreen synthesisNano-catalystTransesterificationWaste cooking oil

Identifiers

PMID40455397
PMCPMC12129884

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.