ArticleInfection2025
Global, regional, and national burden of lower respiratory infections and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021.
Article in Infection, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Temporal trends in mortality involving chronic lower respiratory disease and chronic kidney disease: evidence from CDC WONDER, 1999-2023.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- COPD in Africa in the Post-COVID Era: A GBD 2023 Analysis of Trends, Demographic Drivers and Health-System Performance.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Article
- The epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases in a Yunnan hospital, China, 2014-2023.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Clinical characteristics and economic burden of hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Chinese Yi population.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The burden and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Asia and its countries from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis based on the 2021 global burden of disease study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Body roundness index and its role in predicting COPD risk: insights from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging and the health and retirement study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThis study evaluates the global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), focusing on their combined impact across age groups and regions.
methodsData from 204 countries were analyzed using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate LRI and COPD incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Age-standardized ratios (ASR) and the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) were used to compare disease burdens, with trends assessed via linear regression and restricted cubic spline models.
resultsIn 2021, COPD and LRI caused 360 million cases and 5.9 million deaths, with the highest burden in low-SDI regions. COPD remained the fourth leading cause of death, while LRI dropped to seventh.
conclusionThe bidirectional link between LRI and COPD exacerbates disease progression, disproportionately affecting low-income regions and aging populations. Addressing disparities in healthcare access, improving vaccines, and strengthening public health infrastructure are critical to reducing the global burden of these diseases.
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