ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2025
Anti-VEGF Agents Clearance Through the Aqueous Outflow Pathway in a Rat Model.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intravitreal faricimab pharmacokinetics assessed by PET imaging in a neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration rat model.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Article
- Anti-VEGF Agents Clearance Through the Aqueous Outflow Pathway in a Rat Model.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: Sustained increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) following intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) in the treatment of retinal disease has been theoretically attributed to aggregation of anti-VEGF in the iridocorneal angle. However, previous studies by our group showed full clearance of intravitreally injected bevacizumab, aflibercept, and ranibizumab. The objective of this study was to further analyze and compare the clearance of these anti-VEGF agents from the eye after a single injection in a rat model. Methods: Brown Norway rats received an intravitreal injection of 3 µl anti-VEGF at the standard concentration 3 days following induction of choroidal neovascularization. The eyes were processed at 0, 3, 6, 24, and 48 hours thereafter, and immunofluorescence was evaluated with confocal microscopy and 3D reconstruction analysis. The signal concentration was calculated, and the drug clearance rate was measured. The immunohistochemistry process was validated with negative and positive control groups. Results: The immunofluorescent signal was positive for all anti-VEGF agents at the trabecular meshwork, Schlemm's canal, and episcleral veins. Anti-VEGF immunostaining peaked immediately after injection and then decreased gradually to negligible at 48 hours (P < 0.05). All three agents demonstrated an identical pattern (P > 0.05). The clearance rate of anti-VEGF from the iridocorneal angle ranged between 98.68% and 99.87% at 48 hours. Conclusions: Bevacizumab, aflibercept, and ranibizumab cleared completely from the iridocorneal angle at 48 hours in the brown Norway rats following a single intravitreal injection and with similar a clearance rate. These findings support our earlier studies refuting the anti-VEGF aggregation hypothesis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.