ArticleFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2025
Global, regional, and national epidemiology of congenital heart disease in children from 1990 to 2021.
Article in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Reproductive journey in women with congenital heart disease: a systematic review of mental health implications.BMJ open · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal Exposure to Air Pollution During Early Pregnancy and Congenital Heart Disease: An Exploratory Case-Control Analysis from Delhi NCR.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Decoding Long Noncoding RNAs in Cardiac Development and Congenital Heart Disease: Recent Advances and Clinical Perspectives.Circulation. Genomic and precision medicine · 2026Review
- [Obesity during pregnancy is associated to congenital cardiopathies in the newborn].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2026Article
- A Multitask Deep Learning Model for Pediatric Echocardiography Analysis.Circulation · 2026Article
- Emerging genes implicated in human congenital heart disease: a 2023-2025 scoping review.Translational pediatrics · 2026Review
- [Research progress on the regulatory role and mechanisms of the Hippo signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of congenital heart disease].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Review
- History Repeating: Lessons From Citrus Fruits, Penicillin, and Delayed Adoption in Pediatric Cardiology.CJC pediatric and congenital heart disease · 2026Article
- Medical Travel and Geographic Inequities in Access to Pediatric Congenital Heart Surgery: Evidence from a Nationwide Cohort in South Korea.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- A clinical decision support system for predicting drug-related adverse effects in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease: Development and retrospective evaluation.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Parental knowledge, awareness, and intended healthcare-seeking responses toward congenital heart disease in the West Bank, Palestine: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Human stem cell-based embryo models: innovation, ethics, and policy.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Congenital heart disease in children in Hawassa, Ethiopia: a multicenter study on patterns, complications, survival, and mortality predictors.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Downregulation of miR-194-5p impairs cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation through targeting Fign in congenital heart disease.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- Prediction of Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease Risk in U.S. Births.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Transforming Pediatric Cardiology Fellowship Education: Multi-center Outcomes of the MACH-3 Virtual Reality Program for HLHS.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- Maternal Blood as a Window to the Fetal Heart: Novel Biomarkers for Early Detection of Septal Defects.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Spectrum of Congenital Heart Diseases in Iraqi Patients.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2026Article
- Pediatric Cardiology Training and Certification in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Cross-Sectional Regional Survey of Current Practice.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children globally, with significant variations in outcomes across different regions. Objective: To provide comprehensive estimates of CHD prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) among children under five years old globally from 1990 to 2021. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, trends in CHD prevalence, mortality, and DALYs were analyzed. Mortality estimates were generated using Cause of Death Ensemble modeling, while prevalence and DALYs were estimated using DisMod-MR 2.1. Systematic literature reviews informed the disability estimates. Results: In 2021, the global prevalence of CHD in children under five years was over 4.18 million, reflecting a 3.4% increase since 1990. CHD-associated mortality decreased by 56.2%, and DALYs declined by 55.7% from 1990 to 2021. Low and low-middle Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions experienced the highest prevalence and mortality rates. South Asia had the highest number of CHD cases, while Oceania had the highest mortality and DALY rates. India had the highest number of cases, while Afghanistan had the highest mortality and DALY rates. Conclusions: CHD remains a significant global health challenge, with substantial disparities in disease burden across regions. Targeted interventions are needed to improve survival and quality of life, particularly in high-burden areas.
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