Robotically Controlled Terahertz Probe for In Vivo Skin Evaluation: Imaging with the PicoBot.

Jacob J Young, Agrima Agarwal, Benjamin G Page, Anubhav Dogra, Arturo I Hernandez-Serrano, Joseph Hardwicke, Emma Pickwell-MacPherson

Abstract read

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of infrared, millimeter and terahertz waves, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Multi-layered model for simulating theBiomedical optics express · 2025
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jacob J YoungPhysics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, CV4 7AL Coventry, Warwickshire UK.

Agrima AgarwalPhysics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, CV4 7AL Coventry, Warwickshire UK.

Benjamin G PagePhysics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, CV4 7AL Coventry, Warwickshire UK.

Anubhav DograPhysics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, CV4 7AL Coventry, Warwickshire UK.

Arturo I Hernandez-SerranoPhysics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, CV4 7AL Coventry, Warwickshire UK.

Joseph HardwickeInstitute of Applied & Translational Technologies in Surgery (IATTS), University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, CV2 2DX Warwickshire UK.

Emma Pickwell-MacPhersonPhysics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Campus, CV4 7AL Coventry, Warwickshire UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In this work, we demonstrate significant modifications to our robotically controlled terahertz (THz) sensing system, the "PicoBot," enabling it to perform in vivo imaging of skin rather than limiting it to single-point measurements. By integrating a robotic arm equipped with force-sensitive feedback control, we maintain consistent contact pressure between the probe and the skin surface throughout imaging. In conjunction with this hardware advancement, we introduce an accompanying image analysis pipeline that reduces noise and enhances repeatability across scans. These improvements allow for reliable intra- and inter-subject comparisons, a critical step toward the clinical utility of THz imaging. Our ultimate aim is to use THz imaging to detect skin cancer margins: this paper highlights progress towards this goal and skin evaluation in general.

Indexed as

ImagingIn vivoSkin cancerSkin evaluationTerahertz

Identifiers

PMID40452865

DOI10.1007/s10762-025-01055-7

PMCPMC12125030

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.