ArticleCureus2025
Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Enamel Surface Roughness Following High-Concentration Peroxide Bleaching: A Comparative In Vitro Study.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effects of Bleaching Protocols on the Esthetic Outcome and Surface Integrity of Enamel Treated With an Ammonia-Free Silver Fluoride Solution.Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry : official publication of the American Academy of Esthetic Dentistry ... [et al.] · 2026Article
- Whitening Efficacy and Enamel Protection of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide Solution Containing Alkaline-Substituted Bioactive Glasses.ACS omega · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionBleaching is a widely practiced aesthetic dental treatment, but high-concentration peroxide-based agents may negatively impact enamel integrity. This in vitro study aimed to compare enamel surface roughness after exposure to 35% hydrogen peroxide and 37% carbamide peroxide using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and contact profilometry. This study further explored the correlation between these two methods for evaluating surface topographical changes. MATERIALS AND
methodsFifty enamel specimens were prepared from 30 extracted human premolars and randomly divided into three groups: Group 1 (control, n = 10), Group 2 (35% hydrogen peroxide, n = 20), and Group 3 (37% carbamide peroxide, n = 20). Bleaching was performed for 15 minutes per day for seven days. Surface roughness was assessed at baseline and after bleaching using a contact profilometer (Mitutoyo Surftest SJ-410, Mitutoyo Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan) and SEM (JEOL JSM-6510LV, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). For profilometric analysis, the mean surface roughness (Ra) was calculated from three standardized points per specimen. SEM images at 1000× magnification were used to analyse three-dimensional topographic changes. Data were analysed using a mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc Dunn-Bonferroni test, and Spearman correlation analysis, with significance set at p < 0.05.
resultsBoth bleaching agents caused a significant increase in enamel surface roughness compared with the control group (p < 0.001). SEM detected more microstructural alterations than profilometry, as indicated by the strong method effect (effect size = 0.87, p = 0.001). Post-hoc comparisons showed that both bleaching agents significantly differed from the control, whereas no significant difference was found between them. Correlation analysis revealed high consistency between the SEM and profilometer measurements, particularly in the control and hydrogen peroxide groups.
conclusionExposure to both 35% hydrogen peroxide and 37% carbamide peroxide significantly increased enamel surface roughness with comparable etching effects. SEM was found to be more sensitive than profilometry for detecting microstructural changes.
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