ArticleJournal of applied toxicology : JAT2025
The Proteome of African Spitting and Non-Spitting Cobra Venoms and Cytotoxicity Against Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Article in Journal of applied toxicology : JAT, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- The Proteome of African Spitting and Non-Spitting Cobra Venoms and Cytotoxicity Against Pancreatic Cancer Cells.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
African cobra (Naja spp.) venom contains toxins dominated by proteins and peptides with inter- and intra-specific variations. There are several FDA-approved drugs from snake venom toxins from other regions, including South America and Asia. Profiling the proteomes of medically important African cobra venoms from different locations will aid in developing more effective anticancer agents. The venoms of spitting cobras (Naja pallida and Naja nigricincta woodi) and non-spitting cobras of the Uraeus subgenus (Naja anchietae, Naja annulifera, and Naja nivea) were fractionated by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Using label-free LC-MS/MS, the venom toxins were identified and grouped into families based on their relative abundance. Venom cytotoxicity of both crude and fractionated samples was tested in pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (MIA PaCa-2) using the Alamar Blue assay. Cell viability analysis revealed a cytotoxic effect of spitting cobra venoms against MIA PaCa-2 cell lines compared to normal MRC-5 cells. Conversely, venoms of non-spitting cobras showed no cytotoxic activity against MIA PaCa-2 cells. Selected RP-HPLC venom fractions from the spitting cobras revealed that N. pallida Fraction 6 and N. n. woodi Fraction 9 at a minimal level were cytotoxic against MIA PaCa-2 cells. LC-MS/MS data showed that while N. pallida Fraction 6 was dominated by basic phospholipase 2 CM-III and Cytotoxin 2, N. n. woodi Fraction 9 was dominated by basic phospholipase 2 CM-III, basic phospholipase 2 CM-II and Cytotoxin 3. These fractions will be purified and studied to determine the mechanisms behind the underlying cytotoxicity against MIA PaCa-2 cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.