Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40451020›Full record

ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2025

Trends in stimulant use among patients with opioid use disorder receiving substance use treatment: Findings from a prospective cohort study from 2013 to 2020.

Elise Jackson, Paxton Bach, M Eugenia Socias, Olivia M Brooks, Nadia Fairbairn, Myanca Rodrigues, Tea Rosic, Leen Naji, Samara Jinks-Chang, Seonaid Nolan and 4 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Elise JacksonBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Paxton BachBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
M Eugenia SociasBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Olivia M BrooksDepartment of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Nadia FairbairnBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Myanca RodriguesDepartment of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Tea RosicDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Leen NajiDepartment of Family Medicine, Michael G. Degroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Samara Jinks-ChangDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.
Seonaid NolanBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Amy ChesneyProvidence Care, Kingston, ON, Canada.
Taras ReshetukhaDepartment of Psychiatry, Queens University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
Zainab SamaanDepartment of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Queens University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, ON, Canada.
Brittany B DennisBritish Columbia Centre on Substance Use, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Social Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Electronic address: britt.dennis@bccsu.ubc.ca.

Funding

Mentoring the next generation of addiction clinician scientists while responding to the opioid epidemicR25DA037756 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA · PI FAIRBAIRN, NADIA · 2014 to 2023
$3.6M
NIDA NIH HHS R25 DA037756
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesDespite significant rises in unregulated stimulant use across North America, little is known about the characteristics of stimulant use among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). This study sought to describe patterns of stimulant use among a cohort of patients receiving opioid agonist therapy (OAT) from 2013 to 2020.

methodsA multi-center prospective cohort study (2013-2020) was undertaken to recruit patients > 16 years of age or older with OUD receiving OAT from 57 outpatient treatment centers in Ontario, Canada. Baseline data collected upon enrollment included demographics, medical history, current OAT prescription, and substance use patterns. Participants were followed for 1 year, with regular urine drug screens (UDS). The primary outcome was temporal change in baseline stimulant use reported at a cohort level, including type and frequency, over the study period. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify patient factors associated with higher likelihood of stimulant use.

resultsA total of 3476 participants were recruited between 2013 and 2020. The percentage of respondents reporting stimulant use increased from 18.0 % to 32.9 % (p-value 0.06) during this time. The observed increase was driven by a significant rise in crystal methamphetamine use from 2.0 % to 17.7 % (p-value 0.002). The proportion of patients using stimulants daily also increased, from 0.4 % in 2013 to 7.6 % in 2020 (p-value 0.002). The reported increase in use was corroborated by UDS findings. Overall, higher likelihood of stimulant use was associated with lower rates of employment (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.61, 0.86), daily fentanyl consumption (OR = 3.49, 95 % CI: 1.87, 6.51) and injection drug use (OR = 7.95, 95 % CI: 6.38, 9.91).

conclusionsAmong individuals receiving OAT for OUD, an increasing trend in stimulant use was observed from 2013 to 2020, driven primarily by the significant rise in crystal methamphetamine use. Understanding the evolving patterns of concurrent substance use in patients on OAT is essential for public health responses, harm reduction programs and treatment planning.

Indexed as

Central Nervous System StimulantsOpiate Substitution TreatmentOpioid-Related DisordersSubstance-Related DisordersAdultAmphetamine-Related DisordersAnalgesics, OpioidCohort StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMethamphetamineMiddle AgedOntarioProspective StudiesYoung AdultAnalgesics, OpioidCentral Nervous System StimulantsMethamphetamineCocaineMedications for Opioid Use DisorderMethamphetamineOpioid Agonist TherapyOpioid Use DisorderStimulantsStimulant Use DisorderSubstance Use Treatment

Identifiers

PMID40451020
PMCPMC12279008

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.