ArticleWorld journal of urology2025
Phenotypic and molecular characterization of biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and disinfectant tolerance in Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from urinary tract infections.
Article in World journal of urology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThis study investigates the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs), focusing on antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and disinfectant susceptibility.
methodsAntimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion method, while biofilm formation was quantified via the microtiter plate assay. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of four hospital disinfectants were determined using broth microdilution, and their antibiofilm efficacy was evaluated using the crystal violet assay. Antibiotics resistance and biofilm-associated genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction.
resultsAmong the isolates, 50% were multidrug-resistant, 10.86% carried the mecA gene and were classified as methicillin-resistant S. saprophyticus, and 89.1% exhibited biofilm formation, with 43.9% classified as moderate biofilm producers. Sodium hypochlorite (2.6%) and a benzalkonium chloride (10%)-glutaraldehyde (5%) mixture demonstrated the highest antimicrobial efficacy, while hydrogen peroxide (3%) exhibited the weakest antibacterial effect. Biofilm inhibition and eradication were most effective with sodium hypochlorite (2.6%) and hydrogen peroxide (3%), whereas benzalkonium chloride-glutaraldehyde mixture showed the least antibiofilm activity. The qacA/B gene, associated with disinfectant resistance, was detected in 28.27% of isolates, while qacC was present in 6.66%. Notably, subinhibitory disinfectant concentrations stimulated biofilm formation, potentially enhancing bacterial persistence in healthcare environments.
conclusionsThese findings highlight the dual challenge posed by S. saprophyticus UTIs, where antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation contribute to treatment difficulties. The inappropriate use of disinfectants may select for resistant strains, emphasizing the need for evidence-based disinfection protocols to prevent bacterial persistence in clinical settings.
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