ArticleAppetite2025
Infant feeding behavior development to 12 months with typical and slower-flow artificial nipples.
Article in Appetite, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- The Association of Human Milk Appetite-Regulating Hormones with Infant Growth and Eating Behaviors to Age Six Months.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Infant pigs demonstrate motor adaptation across multiple physiologic functions during feeding in response to dynamic changes in milk flow rate.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo test the hypothesis that reducing artificial nipple flow rate reduces milk/formula intake and feeding efficiency while increasing feeding duration, and that the magnitude of the effect decreases with age. Sucking metrics were examined as exploratory outcomes.
methodsIn a longitudinal cohort study, healthy, full-term infants were fed once in each of two experimental conditions, about one week apart, from ages one to twelve months: typical (Control) and slower (Intervention) flow rate nipple. Intake and feeding duration were measured and feeding efficiency calculated. The Nfant Bottle Solution™ measured suck duration, sucking burst duration, and sucking rate, and sucking efficiency was calculated.
resultsAcross infancy (n = 260), intake increased 2.91 g/mo (P < .01) in the Control but did not significantly change with age in the Intervention. Feeding duration decreased 0.68 min/mo (P < .001) in the Control and was reduced by 3.98min (P < .05) by the Intervention. Feeding efficiency increased 0.90 g/min/mo (P < .001) in the Control and 0.29 g/min/mo (P < .001) in the Intervention. Suck duration, burst duration, and sucking efficiency did not significantly change with age, but were reduced by the Intervention by 0.026s (P < .01), 13.68s (P < .05), and 0.09g/suck (P < .001), respectively. Sucking rate increased 0.02sucks/s/mo (P < .01) in the Control and did not significantly change with age in the Intervention.
conclusionsInfants increase their intake as they grow older. Infants' adaptation to changing flow rates is limited, particularly among older infants. Future work should examine infants' adaptation to manipulating flow rate over a longer time period and effects on other outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.