ReviewPhysics of life reviews2025
To enhance or not to enhance: A debate about cognitive enhancement from a psychological and neuroscientific perspective.
Review in Physics of life reviews, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Ethical Precision in Nanoscale Brain Interfacing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Individual differences and motives for the acceptance of cognitive enhancement: A mixed-methods investigation.PloS one · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The enhancement of humans' core cognitive abilities-such as intelligence-is a frequently debated topic in scientific and public discourse. Different enhancement methods such as cognitive trainings, smart drugs, and brain stimulation techniques have been proposed and tested to enhance human's cognition. In this narrative review, we summarize the main psychological and neuroscientific findings regarding those cognitive enhancement methods. We thereby distinguish passive (e.g., smart drugs) and active enhancement methods (e.g., working memory training)-which require different levels of agency. While for both forms of enhancement there is no (or only little) empirical evidence on their effectiveness to improve overall cognitive abilities, passive methods entail severe risks. Thus, we criticize promoting an overly optimistic view on especially passive enhancement. Furthermore, we highlight which individuals might be willing to enhance themselves, related motivational aspects of cognitive enhancement, and ethical considerations thereof. To raise awareness for the (in)effectiveness and risks of passive and active enhancement, we propose a category framework that distinguishes cognitive enhancement from clinical methods to treat disorders or diagnosed deficits and introduces important dimensions thereof. Finally, we present open questions for psychological and neuroscientific research which should become part of enhancement debates. Taken together, our narrative review provides a broad overview and critical assessment of enhancement-related topics such as effectiveness and risks of enhancement methods, motivational aspects to apply enhancement, and societal implications of cognitive enhancement.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40449405What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.