Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40443039›Full record

ArticleAssessment2026

A Bifactor Model of Childhood Adversity in a Longitudinal South African Birth Cohort Study.

Joannes S H de Leeuw, Marilyn Lake, Milton Gering, Nadia Hoffman, Kirsten A Donald, Heather J Zar, Dan J Stein, Susan Malcolm-Smith

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Assessment, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Joannes S H de LeeuwUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-6600-7465
Marilyn LakeUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-6056-2078
Milton GeringUniversity of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-9959-291X
Nadia HoffmanUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-7269-1416
Kirsten A DonaldUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-0276-9660
Heather J ZarUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-9046-759X
Dan J SteinUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-7218-7810
Susan Malcolm-SmithUniversity of Cape Town, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0001-7459-3919

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Early exposure to violence can elicit a toxic-stress response in children. However, not all exposures to violence exert the same negative impact. This study aimed to develop a bifactor model of childhood adversity by integrating two established measures, the Child Exposure to Community Violence questionnaire and the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale. The Adversity Exposure-Response Model was created using caregiver-proxy report data from children aged 3.5 and 4.5 years (

Indexed as

Adverse Childhood ExperiencesExposure to ViolenceBirth CohortChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMalePovertySouth AfricaSurveys and QuestionnairesadversityBifactor modelchildhoodcommunity violencedistress responseLMIC

Identifiers

PMID40443039
PMCPMC13153441

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.