Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40442611›Full record

Observational studyBMC public health2025

A cross-sectional analysis of the association between self-employment, racial and ethnic minority status, sex and cardiovascular disease risk factors among a nationally representative sample.

Kimberly Narain, Daniela Markovic, José J Escarce

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Kimberly NarainDivision of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1100 Glendon Ave, Suite 850 & 900, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA. KNarain@mednet.ucla.edu.
Daniela MarkovicDivision of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1100 Glendon Ave, Suite 850 & 900, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.
José J EscarceDivision of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 1100 Glendon Ave, Suite 850 & 900, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.

Funding

UCLA LIFT-UP (Leveraging Institutional support For Talented, Upcoming Physicians and/or Scientists)U24DK132746 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI OBIDIUGWU KENRIK DURU, CAROL M MANGIONE · 2022 to 2026
$3.2M
The Implications of Insurance Benefit Design for Health and Disability Among Low Income Adults with Diabetes.K08AG068372 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI NARAIN, KIMBERLY D · 2020 to 2024
$887k
NIA NIH HHS K08 AG068372NIDDK NIH HHS U24 DK132746NIH/NIA K08AG068372-01NIH/NIDDK 1U24DK132746-01Tides Foundation TFR15-00194
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThere is a body of evidence that suggest risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) may be linked with self-employment status. Work context varies across race, ethnicity and sex. The objective is to examine the association of self-employment status and CVD risk factors across racial and ethnic minority status as well as sex.

methodsFor this observational study, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (1999-2018), a cross-sectional study design, and stratified logistic regression models were used to explore the association between self-employment status (a dichotomous variable) and CVD risk factors (dichotomized measures of elevated cholesterol, hypertension, glucose intolerance, obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, binge drinking, sub-optimal sleep duration and poor mental health) across combined racial and ethnic minority status and sex groups, among working, non-pregnant adults(ages 30-62). Statistical models controlled for age, education, marital status, household poverty-to-income ratio, and the number of months working at current job. The coefficient estimates were expressed as predictive margins.

resultsThe study sample was comprised of 19,395 working adults. Among non-minority women, self-employment was negatively associated with obesity (% diff = -7.4%; p = 0.008), physical inactivity % diff = -7.0%; p = 0.017), and poor sleep duration (% diff = -9.4%; p = 0.004). Among minority women, self-employment was negatively associated with poor diet (% diff = -6.7%; p = 0.024), physical inactivity (% diff =-7.3%; p = 0.013) and poor sleep duration (% diff = -8.1%; p = 0.017). Among non-minority men, self-employment was negatively associated with poor diet (% diff = -6.5%; p = 0.008) and hypertension (% diff = -5.7%; p = 0.013).

conclusionsThis study suggests that there may be a relationship between work context and CVD risk factors that varies across race, ethnicity and sex; however, further research is needed to characterize this relationship. Specifically, exploring how autonomy, flexibility, social support and discrimination exposure varies across self-employment status in diverse demographic groups may be important for illuminating the relationship between work and cardiovascular health.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular DiseasesEmploymentEthnicityHeart Disease Risk FactorsMinority GroupsRacial GroupsAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNutrition SurveysRisk FactorsSex FactorsUnited StatesCardiovascular diseasePublic healthSexWork

Identifiers

PMID40442611
PMCPMC12123841

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.