ArticlePloS one2025
HIV protease inhibitors restore amphotericin B activity against Candida.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Current and emerging therapies for fungal biofilms and systemic infections.Critical reviews in microbiology · 2026Review
- The emerging pathogen Candida auris: host interactions and disease drivers.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Evaluation of Antimicrobials Incorporated into Artificial Saliva: Analysis AgainstJournal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Repurposing antiviral agents against mucormycosis.PloS one · 2026Article
- Synergistic antifungal activity of antiretrovirals with amphotericin B against Aspergillus species.PloS one · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Candida auris is an invasive fungal pathogen, representing a global public health threat. It is characterized by high mortality rates among infected individuals, significant antifungal resistance, and a remarkable ability to persist in healthcare environments. While amphotericin B is one of the most powerful antifungal agents for treating Candida infections, approximately 30% of C. auris isolates demonstrate resistance to it. Thus, the development of novel antifungal therapies is vital for tackling its life-threatening infections. In this study, we identified four HIV protease inhibitors (atazanavir, saquinavir, lopinavir and ritonavir) as strong potentiators of amphotericin B against C. auris. A synergistic effect between HIV protease inhibitors and amphotericin B was observed against 15 C. auris isolates with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) ranging from 0.09 to 0.50. Additionally, the combinations between HIV protease inhibitors and amphotericin B showed fungicidal effect, significantly reducing the viable cell count in the time-kill assay within 6 hours. Furthermore, the combinations inhibited biofilm formation of C. auris by 60-75% and exhibited a remarkable suppression of C. albicans hyphae. The in vivo treatment with HIV protease inhibitors combined with amphotericin B resulted in a significant reduction of C. auris colony-forming units (CFU) by 1.7-2.6 Log10 in the C. elegans model. These findings suggest that HIV protease inhibitors, in combination with amphotericin B, are promising candidates for the development of novel antifungal drugs to treat Candida infections.
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