ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Sex disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy: hormonal and genetic influences on treatment efficacy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Aging-induced hepatocyte CD44 drives IL6/STAT3 signaling and associates with impaired neighboring T cell function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive liver cancer with a rising incidence globally. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized HCC treatment, yet response rates remain variable. Sex-based disparities in immunotherapy efficacy have become increasingly recognized as important factors influencing treatment outcomes in HCC. This review examines the role of biological sex in HCC progression and immunotherapy responses. It discusses the epidemiology of sex differences in HCC incidence, prognosis, and therapeutic outcomes, highlighting the impact of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, on immune system function and tumor biology. Estrogen's protective effects, including enhanced T cell activation and improved immune surveillance, contribute to better treatment responses in females, while testosterone's immunosuppressive effects lead to poorer outcomes in males. The review also explores the influence of the tumor microenvironment, including immune cell composition and macrophage polarization, on treatment efficacy. Emerging evidence suggests that sex-specific factors, including hormonal status, should be considered in clinical trials and personalized treatment strategies. By addressing these disparities, tailored immunotherapeutic approaches could optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity in both male and female HCC patients, ultimately improving overall outcomes.
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Registered trials
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