ArticleNature2025
Domesticated cannabinoid synthases amid a wild mosaic cannabis pangenome.
Article in Nature, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed.
- European ash pangenome reveals widespread structural variation and genetic basis of low ash dieback susceptibility.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A near-complete, haplotype-resolved telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of Cannabis sativa reveals complex higher-order repetitive structures.Plant communications · 2026Article
- Towards an Omics-Guided Framework for Microbial Biological Control of Fungal and Oomycete Diseases inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Haplotype-resolved regulation of secondary metabolism in cannabis.Horticulture research · 2026Article
- Four haplotype-resolved genome assemblies and a reference-free 66-haplotype pangenome graph for Cannabis sativa.Scientific data · 2026Article
- The ageing holobiont: crosstalk between telomere dynamics, oxidative stress and the gut microbiome.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Expansion and functional diversification of terpene synthases shape volatile terpenoid landscape inActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Genetic architecture of phenological, morphological, and phytochemical traits in Cannabis landraces.The plant genome · 2026Article
- Transcriptome assemblies for two drug-type cannabis chemotypes by long-read RNA sequencing.The plant genome · 2026Article
- Hermaphroditism inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- An X-linked sex determination mechanism in cannabis and hop.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Integrating temporal morphophysiological and genomic markers for precise classification of flowering time in cannabis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cannabidiol and other non-psychotropic cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa as therapeutics for microglial-mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Review
- The Structure of the Chemotype Determining Locus inPlant direct · 2026Article
- Weeding out variability: a proof-of-concept for producing uniform FHorticulture research · 2026Article
- From structural pangenomes to functional panomics in plants.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Review
- Micropropagation of Cannabis sativa: genetic and epigenetic stability assessment over multiple generations.Journal of cannabis research · 2026Article
- A trio-binning approach for genome assembly reveals extensive structural variation between two Cannabis cultivars: Punto Rojo and Cherry Pie.G3 (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Article
- Dynamics of genome evolution in the era of pangenome analysis.Cell genomics · 2026Review
- Identification of circRNAs in industrial hemp (Frontiers in plant science · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a globally important seed oil, fibre and drug-producing plant species. However, a century of prohibition has severely restricted development of breeding and germplasm resources, leaving potential hemp-based nutritional and fibre applications unrealized. Here we present a cannabis pangenome, constructed with 181 new and 12 previously released genomes from a total of 144 biological samples including both male (XY) and female (XX) plants. We identified widespread regions of the cannabis pangenome that are surprisingly diverse for a single species, with high levels of genetic and structural variation, and propose a novel population structure and hybridization history. Across the ancient heteromorphic X and Y sex chromosomes, we observed a variable boundary at the sex-determining and pseudoautosomal regions as well as genes that exhibit male-biased expression, including genes encoding several key flowering regulators. Conversely, the cannabinoid synthase genes, which are responsible for producing cannabidiol acid and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, contained very low levels of diversity, despite being embedded within a variable region with multiple pseudogenized paralogues, structural variation and distinct transposable element arrangements. Additionally, we identified variants of acyl-lipid thioesterase genes that were associated with fatty acid chain length variation and the production of the rare cannabinoids, tetrahydrocannabivarin and cannabidivarin. We conclude that the C. sativa gene pool remains only partially characterized, the existence of wild relatives in Asia is likely and its potential as a crop species remains largely unrealized.
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