ArticlePloS one2025
Genomic insights into the role of Salmonella Typhi carriers in antimicrobial resistance and typhoid transmission in Urban Kenya.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Clinical Characteristics and Resistance Patterns of Extensively Drug-ResistantSage open pediatricsArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Typhoid fever cases and carriers can transmit Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) through fecal shedding. It remains unclear whether the S. Typhi shedding by carriers exhibits similar phenotypic and genotypic characteristics to those from acute cases. We investigated multidrug resistance in S. Typhi from individuals residing in urban informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya. We recruited participants ≤ 65 years from six health facilities and tested for typhoid infection through blood and stool cultures. The S. Typhi culture-positive cases were treated and followed up after treatment, where index cases and their household contacts provided stool samples for culture. The susceptibility of all S. Typhi isolates was tested against 14 antibiotics using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from selected multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. Typhi for whole genome sequencing using Illumina Nextseq2000, and their genomes were analyzed on Pathogen-watch. Of the 115 S. Typhi isolates, 81/115 (70%) were from cases, while 34/115 (30%) were from carriers. S. Typhi resistance against ampicillin was observed in 32/81 (40%) and 11/34 (32%) of isolates from cases and carriers, respectively, while resistance against co-trimoxazole was observed in 34/81 (42%) and 10/34 (29%) of isolates from cases and carriers, respectively. In addition, resistance against chloramphenicol was observed in 30/81(37%) and 10/34 (29%) in isolates from cases and carriers, respectively. Multidrug resistance was observed in 33% (38/115) of the S. Typhi isolates, with majority, 28/38 (74%) recovered from cases. A subset (22/38, 15 from cases and 7 from carriers) of the MDR isolates was randomly selected for sequencing. All the 22 S. Typhi belonged to genotype 4.3.1, with the majority 15/22 (68%) from genotype 4.3.1.2EA3. All these isolates carried the blaTEM-1D, catA1, dfrA7; sul1, and sul2 AMR genes. GyrA point mutations conferring reduced susceptibility to quinolones and fluoroquinolones were detected in 19/22 (86%) isolates, with the majority 15/22 (79%) occurring on codon 83. This study's findings highlight the plausibility of typhoid transmission within communities in disease endemic settings. Consequently, the study demonstrates the need for surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial stewardship, deployment of typhoid vaccine and improvement of water, hygiene and sanitation infrastructure in disease endemic settings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.