Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40433465›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in bioinformatics2025

Exploiting subtractive genomics to identify novel drug targets and new immunogenic candidates against

Mahshid Khazani Asforooshani, Narjes Noori Goodarzi, Behzad Shahbazi, Nayereh Rezaie Rahimi, Kimia Mahdavian, Mahdi Rohani, Farzad Badmasti

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in bioinformatics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The Homoserine DehydrogenaseMicroorganisms · 2026
    Article
  2. Frontiers in physiology · 2026
    Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mahshid Khazani AsforooshaniDepartment of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Narjes Noori GoodarziDepartment of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Behzad ShahbaziSchool of Pharmacy, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
Nayereh Rezaie RahimiDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Kimia MahdavianDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
Mahdi RohaniDepartment of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
Farzad BadmastiDepartment of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Methods: Identification of novel drug targets and the detection of immunogenic factors as potential vaccine candidates were performed. Cytoplasmic proteins were evaluated for their similarity to the human proteome, metabolic pathways, and gut microbiota. On the other hand, surface-exposed proteins were evaluated as immunogenic targets using a reverse vaccinology approach. A multi-epitope vaccine (MEV) was designed based on the immunogenic linear B-cell epitopes of three autotransporters and the beta domain of SphB2 as a scaffold for MEV. Molecular docking, immune simulation results, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to evaluate the binding affinity and feasibility of interaction between chimeric MEVs and immune receptors. Results: Six proteins were identified as excellent potential drug targets, including elongation factor P (WP_003810194.1), Aspartate kinase (WP_010930633.1), 50S ribosomal protein L21 (WP_003807462.1), Homoserine dehydrogenase (WP_003813074.1), Carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase (WP_003814461.1), and PTS sugar transporter subunit IIA (WP_010929966.1). On the other hand, reverse vaccinology identified nine immunogenic proteins, including BapA (WP_010930805.1), BrkA (WP_010931506.1), SphB2 (WP_041166323.1), TcfA (WP_010930243.1), FliK (WP_041166144.1), Fimbrial protein (WP_010930199.1), TolA (WP_010931418.1), DD-metalloendopeptidase (WP_003811022.1), and an I78 family peptidase inhibitor protein (WP_003812179.1). SphB2-based MEV was designed using six linear B-cell epitopes of the extracellular loops of the autotransporters. The binding affinity and feasibility of the interaction between MEV and TLR2, TLR4, and HLA-DR-B were computationally confirmed by molecular dynamics. Conclusion: It appears that proteins involved in translation and metabolism can be considered novel drug targets. Furthermore, this study highlights autotransporter proteins as promising immune targets. There is no doubt that experimental work should be conducted to confirm the results in the future.

Indexed as

autotransporter proteinsBordetella pertussisimmunogenic targetsmulti-epitope vaccinepertussis resurgencereverse vaccinology

Identifiers

PMID40433465
PMCPMC12106433

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.