An Aquatic Treadmill Alters Lower Limb Walking Dynamics in Typically Developing Children and Children with Cerebral Palsy.

Oluwaseye Odanye, Joseph Harrington, Aaron Likens, David Kingston, Brian Knarr

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial

In one paragraph

Trial report in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Rethinking the Defaults: Exploring Sample Entropy Parameters for Human Movement Data.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Oluwaseye OdanyeDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St., Omaha, NE 68182, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8154-0671

Joseph HarringtonDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St., Omaha, NE 68182, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4475-7729

Aaron LikensDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St., Omaha, NE 68182, USA.

David KingstonDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St., Omaha, NE 68182, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8936-9653

Brian KnarrDepartment of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska Omaha, 6001 Dodge St., Omaha, NE 68182, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8997-1377

Funding

NIH HHS 1R15HD109666-01S1

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This block-randomized crossover study investigated how a speed-modulated aquatic treadmill (AT) impacts the walking biomechanics of pediatric gait. Eight cerebral palsy (CP) and fifteen typically developing (TD) children walked at normal, slow, and fast treadmill speeds in AT and dry treadmill (DT) conditions. The joint angles of participants were calculated from inertial measurement units to derive sample entropy (SE) measures that quantified the regularity or complexity of motion. A hierarchical statistical model revealed that the CP group had lower SE values for the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the AT and at slower than faster treadmill speeds. Only the SE values of the knee and ankle joints were impacted for the TD group. The lower SE values suggest improved regularity for participants at slower speeds and in the AT environment. This study highlights the potential of AT to improve the walking biomechanics of children with CP in acute exposure, but further work is needed to investigate the AT condition as a gait rehabilitation environment.

Indexed as

Cerebral PalsyExercise TestLower ExtremityWalkingBiomechanical PhenomenaChildCross-Over StudiesFemaleGaitHumansMaleaquatic treadmill walkingcerebral palsy rehabilitationpediatricsunderwater gait training

Identifiers

PMID40432011

DOI10.3390/s25103220

PMCPMC12115672

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.