Metformin-Based Combination Approaches for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Numerous anti-diabetic medications, including metformin, have been explored for their anticancer effects because of the substantial correlation between diabetes and cancer incidence. Metformin has recently gained interest for its anticancer effects against malignancies such as breast cancer, one of the leading causes of death among women worldwide. The cancer-related characteristics of cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis are all targeted by metformin. Among breast cancer patients, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is linked to an increased risk of early recurrence and metastases and has poor prognosis. In addition, TNBC has fewer treatment options compared to other breast cancer subtypes because it lacks hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and it often develops resistance to available treatment options. The current review highlights the recent updates on the mechanistic insights and the efficacy of metformin and metformin-based approaches for the treatment of TNBC. We logically discuss the experimental evidence from the in vitro and in vivo studies exploring metformin's effects on metabolic pathways, and then its combination with other therapeutic agents, targeting cell signaling pathways, and approaches to enhance metformin's effects. We also present clinical studies that underscore the beneficial outcomes of metformin or its combination with other agents in TNBC patients.