Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40430227›Full record

ArticleLife (Basel, Switzerland)2025

The Effect of Pupil Size on Cone Contrast Sensitivity.

Ali Almustanyir, Meznah S Almutairi, Amal Aldrwish, Nabeela Hasrod, Bader A Alqhtani, Tahani Alqahtani, Muteb Alanazi, Mansour Alghamdi, Essam Almutleb, Balsam Alabdulkader and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Effects of Spatial Ambient Illumination on Pupil Diameter and Visual Acuity.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Ali AlmustanyirOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-3225-3075
Meznah S AlmutairiOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-1802-2403
Amal AldrwishOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-0922-8541
Nabeela HasrodDepartment of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2025, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-4105-5513
Bader A AlqhtaniOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.
Tahani AlqahtaniOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-7286-3505
Muteb AlanaziOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0003-2994-1472
Mansour AlghamdiOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-9389-4722
Essam AlmutlebOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0001-5465-5924
Balsam AlabdulkaderOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.
Faisal FakhouriDepartment of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-1185-8067
Mosaad AlhassanOptometry Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia.ORCID 0000-0002-7986-1326

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMeasuring contrast sensitivity for each of the three cone types separately allows for a more precise and clinically valuable assessment of color vision. This study examined how pupil size affects cone contrast sensitivity (CCS).

methodsThis study included 50 participants of equal gender. The mean age was 20.88 (±1.8) years. Using the ColorDx, a Landolt C stimulus of various sizes in an adaptive screening mode, we sequentially determined contrast sensitivity for long-, medium-, and short-wavelength stimuli. Two consecutive measurements were performed on participants, one with their natural pupil size (range 4-5 mm diameter) and, subsequently, with six artificial eye pupils (1 mm to 6 mm).

resultsGenerally, the 1 mm pupil size caused the greatest reduction in contrast sensitivity for two of the three cones. There was no significant main effect of sex (F = 0.96, df = 1,

conclusionsNew technologies that assess individual cone pathway functions could potentially assist in identifying early or progressive conditions that may impact color vision pathways from the retina to the brain. Standardized protocols-such as controlled retinal illumination-are critical to avoid misinterpretation.

Indexed as

color visioncone contrast sensitivitypupil sizewavelength cone systems

Identifiers

PMID40430227
PMCPMC12113279

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.