Identification of Phase Transformations in Alloy and Non-Alloy Steel During Austempering Using Acoustic Emission and Neural Network.

Małgorzata Łazarska, Zbigniew Ranachowski, Janusz Musiał, Tomasz Tański, Qingshan Jiang

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Małgorzata ŁazarskaFaculty of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7282-4285

Zbigniew RanachowskiInstitute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-103 Warszawa, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-2447-4705

Janusz MusiałFaculty of Mechatronics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Mikołaja Kopernika 1, 85-074 Bydgoszcz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-8856-1563

Tomasz TańskiFaculty Institute of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-4024-1231

Qingshan JiangCollege of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361000, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This research was carried out for selected alloy (bearing) and non-alloy (tool) steel. The steels were subjected to austempering. The hardening temperature range was from 100 °C to 180 °C. The use of acoustic emission in connection with the artificial neural network (ANN) enabled the analysis and identification of phase changes occurring in steels during austempering. Classification of acoustic emission events was carried out with the help of their energy values and with the use of an artificial neural network. On this basis, it was observed that in the process of isothermal hardening of steel at the applied temperatures, complex transformations of austenite into martensite and bainite occur. In addition, it was found that the research methods used enabled the identification of signal components originating from the phase transformation causing the formation of thin-plate martensite midrib. The use of acoustic methods in the field of bainitic transformation creates the possibility of their application in the industry.

Indexed as

acoustic emission (AE)austemperingbainitemartensiteneural networks

Identifiers

PMID40428935

DOI10.3390/ma18102198

PMCPMC12112945

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.