ReviewCancers2025
Spread Through Air Spaces (STAS) as a Predictive and Prognostic Factor in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer-Systematic Review.
Review in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Transformer-Based PET/CT Fusion Enables Preoperative Prediction and Prognostic Stratification of Spread Through Air Spaces in Lung Adenocarcinoma.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Spread through air spaces as an independent prognostic factor in resected lung adenocarcinoma: the role of resection type.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Machine learning-based preoperative prediction of spread through air spaces in clinical stage IA non-small cell lung cancer: a single-center study integrating clinical and CT imaging characteristics.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Pulmonary Squamous Cell Carcinoma Dissemination Through Air Spaces (STAS): Clinicopathologic Findings in Different Tumor Origins.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2026Article
- Diffusion attention expert model for predicting and semi-automatic localizing STAS in lung cancer histopathological images.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Primary glioblastoma mimicking brain metastasis in ALK-positive lung adenocarcinoma: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesLung cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in the general population and the third most prevalent among women. STAS (Spread Through Air Spaces) is a term used in pathology, particularly in lung cancer. It refers to the spread of tumor cells through air spaces in the lung tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of STAS as a predictive and prognostic factor, as well as to assess the impact of STAS detection on subsequent surgical and pharmacological treatment decisions.
methodsA comprehensive literature search was performed on PubMed, PMC, and Google Scholar between June and September 2024. Search terms included 'STAS', 'lung cancer', 'NSCLC', 'SCLC', 'PET and STAS', 'histopathological STAS', 'treatment methods for STAS', and 'STAS prognosis'. A diverse range of study designs was included in our analysis-encompassing meta-analyses, case-control studies, literature reviews, cross-sectional studies, and prospective longitudinal studies.
resultsLobectomy remains standard, whereas sublobar resection significantly increases recurrence risk in STAS-positive patients. CT, PET/CT, and frozen section analysis offer emerging, reliable predictive markers, supporting optimized treatment selection; however, histopathological examination continues to serve as the standard method for confirming STAS.
conclusionsOne of the most significant limitations of our work is the limited number of available studies addressing the topic of STAS, which is the reason why statistical analysis was not provided. To conclude, the presence of STAS is identified as a negative prognostic factor amongst patients with NSCLC; however further research is needed to establish specific treatment guidelines when STAS is identified.
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