ReviewCancers2025
Immunohistochemistry for Skin Cancers: A Comprehensive Approach to the Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Review in Cancers, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- At a glans: metastatic prostate cancer disguised as penile squamous cell carcinoma; a case report.The Canadian journal of urology · 2026Article
- Clonal tracing of rare anal metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case report with whole-exome sequencing and multimodal therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Marjolin ulcer characterized by squamous cell carcinoma arising from chronic wounds: clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, and insights-a report of four cases.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Comprehensive analysis based on spatial domains identifies CD44 as a potential target of puerarin.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a heterogeneous group of epithelial malignancies with varied morphologies and clinical behaviors. While histopathology is the diagnostic gold standard, it can be limited in distinguishing SCC from morphologic mimics. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) has therefore become a critical adjunct, enhancing diagnostic accuracy and providing prognostic insights.
objectiveThis narrative review aims to evaluate the diagnostic, differential, and prognostic roles of commonly used IHC markers in SCC, with particular emphasis on their utility in distinguishing SCC from histologic mimickers across different anatomical sites.
methodsOne hundred and five peer-reviewed articles were analyzed for their relevance to the immunohistochemical characterization of SCC. Markers were categorized based on their diagnostic function, role in differential diagnosis, and prognostic value.
resultsKey markers such as p40, p63, CK5/6, and DSG3 consistently demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for SCC, reinforcing their value in confirming squamous differentiation. Conversely, exclusion markers like Ber-EP4, CK7, TTF-1, S100, and SOX10 were essential in ruling out basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma. Additionally, markers such as Ki-67, p16, and CD44 offered prognostic information regarding tumor aggressiveness, HPV status, and therapy response. These findings confirm the critical role of IHC not only in diagnosing SCC but also in resolving complex differential diagnoses.
conclusionsIHC markers serve as indispensable tools in the diagnostic workup of SCC, particularly in distinguishing it from other neoplasms with overlapping histologic features. The clear correlation between marker expression and diagnostic categories supports the systematic use of IHC to improve diagnostic precision and inform prognosis. Future integration with molecular diagnostics may further refine personalized treatment approaches in SCC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.