ArticleJournal of neuro-oncology2025
Clinical and radiological features of pseudoprogression in brain tumors treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Article in Journal of neuro-oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Should checkpoint inhibitors be reserved for biomarker-selected pediatric brain tumors?Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Neuro-Oncology: A Narrative and Translational Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Post-therapy imaging of adult brain tumours: patterns, pitfalls, and practical framework.Insights into imaging · 2026Article
- Evaluation of sex differences in survival among glioblastoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.Neuro-oncology advancesArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in cancer treatment, resulting in the emergence of various immune-related adverse effects, including pseudoprogression (PsP). We sought to evaluate the characteristics of pseudoprogression in adults treated with ICIs for brain tumors (either primary or secondary), and to compare it with a non- PsP group.
methodsWe retrospectively identified adults with brain tumors treated with ICIs at our institution between 2015 and 2023. Eligibility required one brain magnetic resonance imaging scan prior to treatment and another obtained within 6 months after treatment initiation. PsP was defined as radiological worsening within 6 months of ICI initiation, followed by stabilization or improvement without therapy modification. Demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics were analyzed and compared between the PsP and the non-PsP groups.
resultsAmong 102 eligible patients, 10 (9.8%) developed PsP. Clinical symptoms occurred in 4 (40%) cases, all of which showed favorable outcomes with corticosteroid therapy. The PsP group had higher baseline tumor burden (p = 1.29 × 10⁻¹³) and higher PD-L1 expression (p < 0.001) than the non-PsP group. Median progression-free survival and overall survival were numerically longer in the PsP group with no significant difference.
conclusionsPsP is a frequent complication of ICIs. We describe 4 symptomatic patients with pseudoprogression, challenging the iRANO criteria that recommend excluding this diagnosis in symptomatic cases. Clinical impairment should not automatically rule out pseudoprogression, and each case requires thorough evaluation. High PD-L1 expression and greater tumor burden may be associated with PsP, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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