Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40425695›Full record

ReviewNPJ digital medicine2025

Situating governance and regulatory concerns for generative artificial intelligence and large language models in medical education.

Michael Tran, Chinthaka Balasooriya, Jitendra Jonnagaddala, Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung, Neeraj Mahboobani, Subha Ramani, Joel Rhee, Lambert Schuwirth, Neysan Sedaghat Najafzadeh-Tabrizi, Carolyn Semmler and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in NPJ digital medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
26citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

26 citing papers in PubMed.

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  8. Clinical AI is Not (Yet) Trustworthy-But It Could Be.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Michael TranUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia. Michael.m.tran@unsw.edu.au.
Chinthaka BalasooriyaUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Jitendra JonnagaddalaUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Gilberto Ka-Kit LeungThe University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
Neeraj MahboobaniDepartment of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Hong Kong, PR China.
Subha RamaniBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Joel RheeUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Lambert SchuwirthFlinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Neysan Sedaghat Najafzadeh-TabriziUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
Carolyn SemmlerThe University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
Zoie Sy WongUniversity of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and large language models represent gains in educational efficiency and personalisation of learning. These are balanced against the considerations of the learning process, authentic assessment, and academic integrity. A pedagogical approach helps situate these concerns, and informs various types of governance and regulatory approaches. In this review we identify current and emerging issues regarding GenAI in medical education including pedagogical considerations, emerging roles, and trustworthiness. Potential measures to address specific regulatory concerns are explored.

Identifiers

PMID40425695
PMCPMC12116760

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.