ArticleAnnals of family medicine2025
Neighborhood Determinants of Primary Care Access in Virginia.
Article in Annals of family medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Accessibility of Otolaryngology Care in Virginia: A Geospatial Workforce Analysis.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2026Article
- The role of Advanced Practice Providers in improving primary care capacity: practice perspectives on challenges and opportunities.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposePrimary care is the foundation of any health care system. Primary care improves the health of communities and decreases health inequities. Yet, workforce shortages have worsened in the United States. Understanding characteristics of where workforce gaps are greatest is key to developing effective workforce solutions.
methodsWe used the 2019 Virginia All-Payers Claims Database to identify primary care physicians (PCPs) and the number of distinct patients seen by each physician. These data were used to identify PCP access by census tract measured using an enhanced 2-stage floating catchment method. Guided by the Andersen model of health care utilization, we identified predisposing, enabling, need, and structural community characteristics from public data sources. We assessed associations between PCP access and these characteristics using spatial autoregressive models with lagged independent variables. Analyses were performed from 2023 to 2024.
resultsIn Virginia, 56.0% of census tracts had adequate PCP access. No association was found between PCP access and predisposing factors. Multiple enabling factors (ie, marital status, education, English language proficiency) were significantly associated with PCP access. Among need measures, PCP access was only positively associated with diagnosis of depression per 1,000 residents (0.01;
conclusionsThere is an inadequate primary care workforce in Virginia. Structural factors, rather than predisposing, enabling, or need factors, contribute most to PCP access. Whereas Black segregated communities might have greater PCP access, rural communities are significantly disadvantaged.
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Registered trials
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