ArticleCell genomics2025
Early establishment and life course stability of sex biases in the human brain transcriptome.
Article in Cell genomics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Sequential Penta-Omic Extraction Method Using Single Biospecimens of Post-mortem Human Brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Depression: Adult Cytogenesis as Potential Target for Precision Psychiatry.Cells · 2026Review
- Before hormones: early sex-specific mechanisms shaping nervous system development, function, and postnatal disease susceptibility.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic Convergence and the Female Protective Effect in Autism.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Age: A Moderating Effect on Cerebrospinal Fluid Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 and Cognitive Function.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
To elaborate on the origins of the established male-female differences in several brain-related phenotypes, we assessed the patterns of transcriptomic sex biases in the developing and adult human forebrain. We find an abundance of sex differences in expression (sex-DEs) in the prenatal brain, driven by both hormonal and sex-chromosomal factors, and considerable consistency in the sex effects between the developing and adult brain, with little sex-DE exclusive to the adult forebrain. Sex-DE was not enriched in genes associated with brain disorders, consistent with systematic differences in the characteristics of these genes (e.g., constraint). Yet, the genes with persistent sex-DE across the lifespan were overrepresented in disease gene co-regulation networks, pointing to their potential to mediate sex biases in brain phenotypes. Altogether, our work highlights prenatal development as a crucial time point for the establishment of brain sex differences.
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