Health Information Exchange Usage in Japan: Content Analysis of Audit Logs.

Background: In Japan, research on the types of medical data requested by health care workers in health information exchanges (HIEs) is limited. Examining the number of views for each data type is important to quantify its benefits. Objective: This study aimed to identify the types of medical data that are frequently viewed on demand using HIEs in Japan. Methods: We analyzed audit log data from two HIEs, Choukai Net and PicaPicaLink, covering the period from April 1, 2017, to March 31, 2022. First, we calculated the cumulative monthly usage days of the HIEs by each institution for the financial year (FY) 2021/22. Second, we calculated the cumulative annual usage days of the HIEs by each user type for FY 2021/22. Third, we calculated the view rate for each output field and content within each HIE, using institution type or year as the aggregation unit. Fourth, we calculated the cumulative annual usage days of the HIEs for days with and without progress note viewing, and for days without any content viewing. Fifth, we calculated the cumulative number of viewed days for content scheduled to be included in the national HIE compared to that which was not. Results: In 32.6% (47/144) of hospitals connected to Choukai Net and 2.3% (20/875) of hospitals connected to PicaPicaLink, cumulative monthly usage days exceeded 101. Additionally, in 32.4% (56/173) of visiting nursing stations connected to Choukai Net, cumulative monthly usage days were over 51. User types viewing HIEs were heavily biased toward institution types other than hospitals. The overall view rate for progress notes was highest among all content types, at 67.4% (83,476/123,915) for Choukai Net and 32.9% (26,159/79,612) for PicaPicaLink. In both HIEs, when comparing by institution type, the view rate for progress notes was highest for visiting nursing stations, reaching 91.8% (5553/6052) for Choukai Net and 65.3% (126/193) for PicaPicaLink. We also found that 17% (5417/31,944) of Choukai Net usage and 9.6% (1802/18,862) of PicaPicaLink usage involved referencing only progress notes in FY 2021/22. The view rate of content scheduled to be included in the national HIE was 45.6% (56,499/123,791) for Choukai Net and 47.7% (37,972/79,612) for PicaPicaLink. Conversely, the view rate for content not scheduled to be included in the national HIE was higher, at 80.2% (99,234/123,791) for Choukai Net and 56.6% (45,052/79,612) for PicaPicaLink. Conclusions: In both HIEs analyzed in this study, progress notes were the most viewed content. As more health care organizations disclose the progress notes they manage to their HIEs, progress notes are likely to be viewed more frequently. The cost-benefit of disclosing progress notes to HIEs remains unclear, and both health care providers and patients have concerns about privacy risks. Future research is needed to quantify and maximize the benefits of disclosure while mitigating the associated privacy risks.