ArticlePloS one2025
Local data for local programming: Results from an HIV biobehavioral survey among people who inject drugs in Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, Zambia, 2021.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Comparative Impact of Active Versus Passive Surveillance on Hepatitis C Virus Testing Uptake, Diagnosis and Linkage to Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Pooled it
- Factors associated with circulating levels of IL-17A in a high HIV-burden population.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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Abstract
introductionPeople who inject drugs (PWID) in Zambia are an understudied population at high risk for HIV acquisition and transmission. We report here on the progress within the PWID communities of Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, Zambia towards the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 95-95-95 targets.
methodsA biobehavioral survey used respondent-driven sampling to survey 235 PWID in Livingstone, 349 in Lusaka, and 259 in Ndola in 2021-22. Questions on HIV and injection drug use were administered, and blood was collected for HIV, syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C testing. Weighted prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Gile's sequential sampling estimator.
resultsIn Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, HIV prevalence among PWID was 11.9% (95% CI: 7.3, 16.5), 7.3% (95% CI: 4.5, 10.2), and 21.9% (95% CI: 14.5, 29.3), respectively. Among HIV-positive PWID in Livingstone, 70.7% (95% CI: 55.4, 85.0) were aware of their HIV status (95% is 1st UNAIDS target), 100% of those were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (95% is 2nd UNAIDS target), and 100% of those achieved viral load suppression (VLS) (95% is 3rd UNAIDS target). In Lusaka, 66.0% (95% CI: 49.3, 82.2) were aware, 75.7% (95% CI: 51.1, 99.9) were on ART, and 66.3% (95% CI: 42.1, 90.9) achieved VLS. In Ndola, 60.2% (95% CI: 44.1, 76.0), 100%, and 90.2% (95% CI: 82.2, 98.3) were aware, on ART, and achieved VLS, respectively.
conclusionsAwareness of HIV status was low among PWID living in Livingstone, Lusaka, and Ndola, Zambia. Treatment and VLS progress were lacking in Lusaka and Ndola as well with Lusaka showing the least progress toward all three UNAIDS targets. Our site-level findings highlight critical gaps in PWID-specific HIV awareness, treatment, and VLS status in three major urban areas in Zambia that limit progress toward HIV epidemic control in this hard-to-reach population.
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