Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40423935›Full record

ArticleClinical oral investigations2025

Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization and characteristics of affected first permanent and second primary molars among children in Jeddah.

Heba Jafar Sabbagh, Abdulaziz Abdullah Alharthi, Abdullah Muslih Almushali, Sultan Osama Jiffri, Meshari Hussain Alkalbi, Ghazal Abdulhadi Bokhari, Fatmah Yousef Aljehani, Nada Othman Bamashmous, Khlood Baghlaf

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Clinical oral investigations, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Global prevalence of hypomineralised second primary molars: an updated systematic review with a meta-analysis.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in children in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026
    Pooled it
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Heba Jafar SabbaghPediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaziz Abdullah AlharthiFaculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Abdullah Muslih AlmushaliFaculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Sultan Osama JiffriFaculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Meshari Hussain AlkalbiFaculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Ghazal Abdulhadi BokhariFaculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Fatmah Yousef AljehaniFaculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Nada Othman BamashmousPediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
Khlood BaghlafPediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box. 80200, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. kbaghlaf@kau.edu.sa.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-9633

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMolar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) results in teeth that are highly prone to dental caries, sensitive to temperature changes and challenging to restore due to the atypical cavities or coronal deformation.

objectivesThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of MIH, the characteristics of affected first permanent molars (FPMs), and the relationship between MIH and hypomineralized second primary molars (HSPM) among primary school children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

methodsJeddah City was divided into three regions, and 12-schools were randomly selected through stratified sampling. The inclusion criteria involved 7 to 9 years old children who had at least one erupted FPM. The caries status was assessed using the World Health Organization (WHO) indices dmft/DMFT. The assessment of MIH was conducted based on the criteria established by the European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry at their meeting in Athens in 2003.

resultsA total of 2,019 children participated with an MIH prevalence of MIH 18.3% (369 patients), and an HSPM prevalence of 1.8% (36 patients). The mean DMFT/dmft index was 5.99 ± 4.08. White creamy opacities were the most common presentation of FPMs and HSPM (about 80% of MIH-affected FPMs). A statistically significant association was found between MIH and HSPM and increased odds ratio of MIH with HSPM (P < 0.001, OR = 5.96, and 95% CI: 5.3-6.57).

conclusionThe prevalence of MIH was higher than compared to the reported Middle East studies. The white creamy opacities were the most common presentations of MIH. A strong association existed between MIH and HSPM and an increased risk of having MIH when the child was found to have HSPM.

Indexed as

Dental Enamel HypoplasiaMolarTooth, DeciduousChildDental CariesDMF IndexFemaleHumansMaleMolar HypomineralizationPrevalenceSaudi ArabiaHSPMJeddahMolar incisor hypomineralizationPrevalencePrimary molarSaudi Arabia

Identifiers

PMID40423935

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.