Strain Plethysmography Using a Hermetically Sealed MEMS Strain Sensor.

We present a hermetically sealed capacitive microelectromechanical system (MEMS) strain sensor designed for arterial pulse waveform extraction using the strain plethysmography (SPG) modality. The MEMS strain sensor features a small form factor of 3.3 mm × 3.3 mm × 1 mm, leverages a nano-gap fabrication process to improve the sensitivity, and uses a differential sensing mechanism to improve the linearity and remove the common mode drift. The MEMS strain sensor is interfaced with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) to form a compact strain sensing system. This system exhibits a high strain sensitivity of 316 aF/µε, a gauge factor (GF) of 35, and a strain sensing resolution of 1.26 µε, while maintaining a linear range exceeding 700 µε. SPG signals have been reliably captured at both the fingertip and wrist using the MEMS strain sensor with high signal quality, preserving various photoplethysmography (PPG) features. Experimental results demonstrate that heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) can be estimated from the SPG signal collected at the fingertip and wrist using the sensor with an accuracy of over 99%. Pulse arrival time (PAT) and pulse transit time (PTT) have been successfully extracted using the sensor together with a MEMS seismometer, showcasing its potential for ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) application.