Individually Modified Microneedle Array for Minimal Invasive Multi-Electrolyte Monitoring.

Electrolytes play crucial roles in regulating nerve and muscle functions. Currently, microneedle technology enables real-time electrolyte monitoring through minimally invasive methods. However, due to the small size of microneedles, performing multi-layer modifications on individual microneedles and ensuring the integrity of these layers pose significant challenges. Additionally, the puncture efficiency of the electrodes will be affected by the structure of microneedle array integration. To address these issues, we primarily focus on developing a multi-parameter ion monitoring system based on microneedle arrays. By optimizing the surface reconstruction of electrode substrates, the adhesion between the electrode surface and the modification layer was improved, enhancing the stability of the electrodes. Potassium, sodium, and calcium ion-selective electrodes based on microneedles were fabricated, demonstrating good sensitivity and linearity. To tackle the puncture efficiency of microneedle arrays, finite element simulation was employed to investigate the mechanical properties of different structural designs of microneedle arrays during skin insertion. Ultimately, an integrated microneedle array was designed and assembled, and a multi-parameter ion monitoring system was developed, validated through in vitro simulations and in vivo animal experiments. This research provides valuable insights into the development and advancement of minimally invasive, multi-parameter dynamic monitoring technologies in clinical settings.