Navigating the design of simulated exercising peers: insights from a participatory design study.

Background: To fight sedentary lifestyles, researchers have introduced various technological interventions aimed at promoting physical activity through social support. These interventions encourage people to exercise together, maintaining high levels of motivation. However, the unpredictable nature of human peers makes it challenging to control behavior and balance these interventions effectively. Artificial intelligence agents, on the other hand, can provide consistent social support and are more controllable. Hence, we propose Simulated Exercising Peers (SEPs) as a promising solution for providing agent-based social support for physical activity. Method: Participatory design sessions were conducted, involving young adults in the creation of SEP-based interventions. Sixteen participants generated four prototypes that varied in aesthetics, behavior, and communication style, with outcomes analyzed through the lens of Self-Determination Theory to better understand the motivational implications of each design. Results: Findings highlight key components crucial for designing SEPs that enhance acceptance and efficiently integrate into physical activity interventions. Additionally, the study revealed how the aesthetics and behavior of SEPs could potentially deceive users, which can lead to user disengagement from interventions involving SEPs. Participants also defined two distinct social roles for the SEPs, i.e., coach, and companion, each associated with unique communication styles. Conclusion: This study offers five design guidelines for the development of SEPs, AI agents aimed at promoting physical activity through social support, and highlights opportunities for their integration into broader physical activity interventions.