ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2025
Association of serum 25(OH)D3 and cognitive levels with biological aging in the elderly: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Relationship between Biological Aging and Cognitive Function: A Machine Learning Model.Yonsei medical journal · 2026Article
- Serum 25(OH)D3 level is associated with cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Biological aging, a fundamental process affecting health and longevity, is pivotal to understanding the physiological decline associated with aging. Serum vitamin D3 deficiency and cognitive impairment are common health issues among older adults. However, the joint associations of serum vitamin D levels and cognitive impairment with biological aging remain poorly understood. This study aims to evaluate the independent and combined associations of serum vitamin D3 and cognitive impairment with biological aging in older adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included adults aged 60 years and older from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Biological aging was measured using Phenotypic Age calculated from biomarkers. Cognitive performance was assessed using the Centre for the Establishment of a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) test, the Animal Fluency test (AFT), and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (DSST). Multivariable regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to examine the relationships between serum 25(OH)D3 levels, cognitive performance, and biological aging. Results: After adjusting for all covariates, individuals in the highest quartile of cognitive performance had a reduced risk of biological aging compared to those in the lowest quartile (CERAD: OR 0.91; 95% CI, 0.57-1.46; AFT: OR 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29-0.82; DSST: OR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.24-0.77). A U-shaped relationship was observed between serum 25(OH)D3 levels and biological aging. Combined analyses revealed that individuals with both low serum 25(OH)D3 and low cognitive performance had the highest risk of biological aging across all cognitive tests (CERAD: OR 1.43; 95% CI, 1.02-1.98; AFT: OR 1.70; 95% CI, 1.24-2.32; DSST: OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.22-2.27). Notably, in the DSST, individuals with normal serum 25(OH)D3 levels and normal cognitive performance showed a reduction in Phenotypic Age by 2.40 years ( Conclusion: In older adults, low serum 25(OH)D3 levels combined with low cognitive performance are strongly associated with an increased risk of biological aging.
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