ArticleFrontiers in neuroergonomics2025
Identifying EEG biomarkers of sense of embodiment in virtual reality: insights from spatio-spectral features.
Article in Frontiers in neuroergonomics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- EEG biomarkers of the sense of embodiment: methodological gaps and evidence-based recommendations from a systematic review.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Linking Embodiment, Simulator Sickness, and EEG Activity During XR-BCI Use: A Single-Participant Case Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Neural Mechanisms of Shooting Preparation Under High-Risk and High-Precision Tasks: A Multiscale EEG Study.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Immersive virtual reality as a novel approach to improve social cognition in multiple sclerosis: an EEG-based pilot study.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- When embodiment matters most: a confirmatory study on VR priming in motor imagery brain-computer interfaces training.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
The Sense of Embodiment (SoE) refers to the subjective experience of perceiving a non-biological body part as one's own. Virtual Reality (VR) provides a powerful platform to manipulate SoE, making it a crucial factor in immersive human-computer interaction. This becomes particularly relevant in Electroencephalography (EEG)-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs), especially motor imagery (MI)-BCIs, which harness brain activity to enable users to control virtual avatars in a self-paced manner. In such systems, a strong SoE can significantly enhance user engagement, control accuracy, and the overall effectiveness of the interface. However, SoE assessment remains largely subjective, relying on questionnaires, as no definitive EEG biomarkers have been established. Additionally, methodological inconsistencies across studies introduce biases that hinder biomarker identification. This study aimed to identify EEG-based SoE biomarkers by analyzing frequency band changes in a combined dataset of 41 participants under standardized experimental conditions. Participants underwent virtual SoE induction and disruption using multisensory triggers, with a validated questionnaire confirming the illusion. Results revealed a significant increase in Beta and Gamma power over the occipital lobe, suggesting these as potential EEG biomarkers for SoE. The findings underscore the occipital lobe's role in multisensory integration and sensorimotor synchronization, supporting the theoretical framework of SoE. However, no single frequency band or brain region fully explains SoE. Instead, it emerges as a complex, dynamic process evolving across time, frequency, and spatial domains, necessitating a comprehensive approach that considers interactions across multiple neural networks.
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