Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40419505›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Nanoencapsulation enhances stability, release behavior, and antimicrobial properties of Sage and Thyme essential oils.

Maryam Fakhariha, Amir Abbas Rafati, Amir Daraei Garmakhany, Azam Zolfaghari Asl

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Maryam FakharihaDepartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O.Box 65174, Hamedan, Iran.
Amir Abbas RafatiDepartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O.Box 65174, Hamedan, Iran. rafati_aa@yahoo.com.
Amir Daraei GarmakhanyDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Resources of Toyserkan, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
Azam Zolfaghari AslDepartment of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, P.O.Box 65174, Hamedan, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The increasing demand for natural bioactive compounds in agriculture, food preservation, and pharmaceuticals has highlighted the need for effective delivery systems to enhance their stability and bioavailability. In this study, we address this challenge by developing and characterizing silica hollow nanospheres (HNSs) and hollow polymer nanocapsules (HPNs) for the encapsulation of essential oils (EOs), specifically those derived from Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and Sage (Salvia officinalis). The HNSs were synthesized using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) via a sol-gel process, while urea-formaldehyde HPNs (UF-HPNs) were fabricated through in-situ polymerization. The qualitative encapsulation efficiency, structural integrity, and release behavior of the EOs were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results demonstrated that HNSs, particularly those synthesized via in-situ techniques, exhibited superior size uniformity, higher oil loading capacity (4.18 mg/g), and controlled release performance over 102 days. Adsorption studies revealed that HNSs provided higher adsorption capabilities for Thyme EO, aligning with the Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Antimicrobial studies revealed that encapsulated Thyme EO exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 4 µL/mL against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 2 µL/mL against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), while Sage EO required higher concentrations, with MIC values of 8 µL/mL and 4 µL/mL, respectively. Notably, the encapsulation of Thyme EO in HNSs resulted in enhanced antimicrobial performance compared to HPNs, likely due to the porous silica matrix allowing for sustained EO release. The encapsulated EOs also modulated peroxidase enzyme activity, further supporting their potential for biological applications. These findings suggest that HNS-based encapsulation offers a robust and sustainable approach for enhancing the efficacy of natural antimicrobial agents, making them suitable for industrial applications in biopesticides, food safety, and therapeutic formulations.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsAnti-Infective AgentsNanocapsulesOils, VolatileSalvia officinalisThymus PlantDrug CompoundingDrug LiberationEscherichia coliMicrobial Sensitivity TestsNanospheresSilicon DioxideSpectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredStaphylococcus aureusAnti-Bacterial AgentsAnti-Infective AgentsNanocapsulesOils, VolatileSilicon DioxideAntimicrobial activityControlled releaseEssential oilsNano-encapsulationPolymer nanocapsulesSilica Hollow nanospheres

Identifiers

PMID40419505
PMCPMC12106681

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.