ArticleNature communications2025
The global spectrum of tree crown architecture.
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Article in Nature communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Multi-Sensor Machine Learning Framework Integrating UAV Multispectral Imagery and LiDAR Data for Living Biomass Carbon Stock Estimation in Silviculturally Treated Forests.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Crown architecture traits mediate shade tolerance-dependent trade-offs and neighborhood interactions in a subtropical forest.Plant diversity · 2026Article
- Environmentally dependent wood density influences forest structure and dynamics in a demographic vegetation model.Quantitative plant biology · 2026Article
- Long-term recovery of canopy 3D structural diversity following wildfires in the world's largest temperate woodland.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Construction of crown profile prediction model ofFrontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal dominance on taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity across vertical strata in a subtropical forest.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Tracking tree demography and forest dynamics at scale using remote sensing.The New phytologist · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
120 authors.
Tommaso JuckerSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK. t.jucker@bristol.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0751-6312
Fabian Jörg FischerSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.
Jérôme ChaveUMR5300 Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement, CNRS, INPT, IRD, Université de Toulouse, Bât 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7766-1347
David A CoomesConservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8261-2582
John CaspersenInstitute of Forestry and Conservation, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B3, Canada.
Arshad AliForest Ecology Research Group, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, Hebei, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9966-2917
Grace Jopaul Loubota PanzouInstitut Supérieur des Sciences Géographiques, Environnementales et de l'Aménagement (ISSGEA), Université DENIS SASSOU-N'GUESSO, Kintélé, République du Congo.
Ted R FeldpauschFaculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QE, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-7962
Daniel FalsterEvolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Sydney, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9814-092X
Vladimir A UsoltsevDepartment of Forest Mensuration and Management, Ural State Forest Engineering and Economic University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
Toby D JacksonSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8143-6161
Stephen Adu-BreduForestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, University, Kumasi, Ghana.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7487-7911
Luciana F AlvesCenter for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-1851
Mohammad AminpourNatural Recourses and Watershed Management Office, West Azerbaijan Province, Urmia, Iran.
Bhely Angoboy IlondeaInstitut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, BP 2037, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Niels P R AntenCenter for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Cécile AntinAMAP lab, Montpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
Yousef AskariResearch Division of Natural Resources, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Yasouj, Iran.
Narayanan AyyappanDepartment of Ecology, French Institute of Pondicherry, Puducherry, 605014, India.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4383-557X
Lindsay F BaninUK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1168-3914
Nicolas BarbierAMAP lab, Montpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5323-3866
John J BattlesUniversity of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Hans BeeckmanService of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8954-6277
Yannick E BockoLaboratoire de Biodiversité, de Gestion des Ecosystèmes et de l'Environnement (LBGE), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien NGOUABI, BP 69 Brazzaville, Brazzaville, République du Congo.
Ben Bond-LambertyJoint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 5825 University Research Ct. #3500, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9525-4633
Frans BongersForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8431-6189
Samuel BowersSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.
Michiel van BreugelYale-NUS College, 12 College Avenue West, 138610, Singapore, Singapore.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2778-7803
Arthur ChantrainUniversité de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
Rajeev ChaudharyDivision Forest Office, Ministry of Forest, Sudurpashchim province, Dhangadhi, Nepal.
Jingyu DaiCollege of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
Michele DalponteResearch and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via E. Mach 1, 38098, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.
Kangbéni DimobeDépartement des Eaux, Forêts et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Environnement et du Développement Rural, Université Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly, BP 176, Dédougou, Burkina Faso.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5536-9700
Jean-Christophe DomecBordeaux Sciences Agro-UMR ISPA, INRAE, Bordeaux, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0478-2559
Jean-Louis DoucetUniversité de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
Juan Manuel Dupuy RadaCentro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 #130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
Remko A DuursmaStatistics Netherlands, Henri Faasdreef 312, 2492 JP, Den Haag, Netherlands.
Moisés EnríquezDepartamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P, 04510, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4255-1356
Karin Y van EwijkDepartment of Geography and Planning, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
William Farfán-RiosDepartment of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63130, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3196-0317
Adeline FayolleUniversité de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
Marco FerrettiSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-0804
Eric ForniCIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
David I ForresterCSIRO Environment, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4546-3554
Hammad GilaniPlant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, 88003, USA.
John L GodleeSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5595-255X
Matthias HaeniSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3977-2166
Jefferson S HallForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Panama, Republic of Panama.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4761-9268
Jie-Kun HeSpatial Ecology Lab, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9401-4208
Andreas HempUniversity of Bayreuth, Department of Plant Systematics, Universitätsstr. 30-31, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5369-2122
José L Hernández-StefanoniCentro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 #130, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, México.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-7131
Steven I HigginsDepartment of Botany, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand.
Robert J HoldawayLandcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand.
Kiramat HussainGilgit-Baltistan Forest Wildlife and Environment Department, Gilgit, Pakistan.
Lindsay B HutleyResearch Institute for the Environment & Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory, Casuarina, NSW, Australia.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-9886
Tomoaki IchieFaculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, B200 Monobe, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8502, Japan.
Yoshiko IidaForestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6544-0101
Hai-Sheng JiangSpatial Ecology Lab, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, Guangdong, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4793-1924
Puspa Raj JoshiInstitute of Forestry, Tribhuvan University, Hetauda Campus, Hetauda, 44107, Nepal.
Hasan KaboliFaculty of Desert Studies, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
Maryam Kazempour LarsaryDepartment of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Somehsara, 43619-96196, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9228-797X
Tanaka KenzoJapan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
Brian D KloeppelOffice of the Vice Provost for International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0215-4671
Takashi S KohyamaFaculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.
Suwash KunwarDivision Forest Office, Ministry of Forest, Sudurpashchim province, Dhangadhi, Nepal.
Shem KuyahJomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), 62000, 00200, Nairobi, Kenya.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7692-585X
Jakub KvasnicaDepartment of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2104-5318
Siliang LinGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
Emily R LinesDepartment of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge, CB2 3EN, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-8741
Hongyan LiuCollege of Urban and Environmental Sciences and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6721-4439
Craig LorimerDepartment of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
Jean-Joël LoumetoLaboratoire de Biodiversité, de Gestion des Ecosystèmes et de l'Environnement (LBGE), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Marien NGOUABI, BP 69 Brazzaville, Brazzaville, République du Congo.
Yadvinder MalhiEnvironmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3503-4783
Peter L MarshallFaculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Eskil MattssonIVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Aschebergsgatan 44, 411 33, Göteborg, Sweden.
Radim MatulaFaculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7460-0100
Jorge A MeaveDepartamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P, 04510, Mexico.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-8803
Sylvanus MensahLaboratoire de Biomathématiques et d'Estimations Forestières, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-749X
Xiangcheng MiState Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2971-5881
Stéphane T MomoAMAP lab, Montpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
Glenn R MoncrieffGlobal Science, The Nature Conservancy, Cape Town, South Africa.
Francisco MoraInstituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.
Rodrigo MuñozForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9434-0126
Sarath P NissankaDepartment of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Zamah Shari Nur HajarForestry and Environment Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, 52109, Malaysia.
Kevin L O'HaraUniversity of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3800-9188
Steven PearceThe Tree Projects, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
Raphaël PelissierAMAP lab, Montpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-5090
Pablo L PeriUniversidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA) - Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) - CONICET, CC 332, (9400), Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-4408
Pierre PlotonAMAP lab, Montpellier University, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8800-3593
Lourens PoorterForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1391-4875
Mohsen Javanmiri PourAgriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kermanshah Province, Agricultural Research, Extension and Education Organization, Kermanshah, Iran.
Hassan PourbabaeiDepartment of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Somehsara, 43619-96196, Iran.
Sabina C RibeiroCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Universitário, BR 364, Km 04, Distrito Industrial, Rio Branco, Acre, 69920-900, Brazil.
Casey RyanSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-0128
Anvar SanaeiSystematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-6944
Jennifer SangerThe Tree Projects, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
Michael SchlundDepartment of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, Enschede, 7514AE, Netherlands.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6657-6713
Giacomo SellanUMR EcoFoG, CIRAD, Campus Agronomique, 97310, Kourou, French Guiana.
Alexander ShenkinSchool of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
Bonaventure SonkéLaboratoire de Botanique systématique et d'Ecologie, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
Frank J SterckForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Martin SvátekDepartment of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobiocoenology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2328-4627
Kentaro TakagiField Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Horonobe, 098-2943, Japan.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1321-2841
Anna T TrugmanDepartment of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7903-9711
Matthew A VadeboncoeurEarth Systems Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8269-0708
Ahmad ValipourDepartment of Forestry and Dr. Hedayat Ghazanfari Center for Research and Development of Northern Zagros Forestry, University of Kurdistan, Kurdistan, Iran.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7087-8191
Mark C VanderwelDepartment of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Pkwy, Regina, SK, S4S 0A2, Canada.
Alejandra G VovidesInstitute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, 26129, Germany.
Peter WaldnerSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
Weiwei WangState Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
Li-Qiu WangDepartment of Forest Resources Management, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China.
Christian WirthSystematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2604-8056
Murray WoodsOntario Ministry of Natural Resources, North Bay, ON, P1A 4L7, Canada.
Wenhua XiangFaculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6762-7938
Fabiano de Aquino XimenesForest Science, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Locked Bag 5022, Parramatta, NSW, 2124, Australia.
Yaozhan XuState Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
Toshihiro YamadaGraduate School of Integrated Sciences of Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8521, Japan.
Miguel A ZavalaUniversidad de Alcalá, Forest Ecology and Restoration Group (FORECO), Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1456-0132
Niklaus E ZimmermannSwiss Federal Research Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3099-9604
Funding
RCUK | Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) NE/S01537X/1
Abstract
Trees can differ enormously in their crown architectural traits, such as the scaling relationships between tree height, crown width and stem diameter. Yet despite the importance of crown architecture in shaping the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, we lack a complete picture of what drives this incredible diversity in crown shapes. Using data from 374,888 globally distributed trees, we explore how climate, disturbance, competition, functional traits, and evolutionary history constrain the height and crown width scaling relationships of 1914 tree species. We find that variation in height-diameter scaling relationships is primarily controlled by water availability and light competition. Conversely, crown width is predominantly shaped by exposure to wind and fire, while also covarying with functional traits related to mechanical stability and photosynthesis. Additionally, we identify several plant lineages with highly distinctive stem and crown forms, such as the exceedingly slender dipterocarps of Southeast Asia, or the extremely wide crowns of legume trees in African savannas. Our study charts the global spectrum of tree crown architecture and pinpoints the processes that shape the 3D structure of woody ecosystems.
Indexed as
Plant StemsTreesBiological EvolutionClimateEcosystemPhotosynthesisPhylogeny
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