Eleven-Year Trajectories of Internet Usage Time and Depression Scores Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in China: Latent Class Mixed Model Analysis.

backgroundMental health issues have emerged as a global challenge, particularly affecting middle-aged and older adults. Research has shown that internet use can potentially promote mental health. Substantial research investigated the relationship between mental health and internet usage time or purposes. However, few studies have examined the association between internet usage time trajectories and mental health.

objectiveThe objective of this study was to identify distinct trajectories of internet usage time over a span of 11 years and assess their relationship with depressive scores among middle-aged and older adults.

methodsUsing longitudinal data from the China Family Panel Studies spanning from 2010 to 2020 and consisting of 5 waves. Participants older than 45 years with internet usage data available for at least 3 waves, including wave 5, were included in the analysis. Internet usage time was operationalized as the number of hours spent on the internet per week, while depressive scores were assessed using the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D 8). A latent class mixed model was used to identify distinct trajectories of internet usage time over the course of this period. Mixed-effect models were used to test the relationship between distinct trajectories of internet usage time and depressive scores.

resultsAmong 9163 middle-aged and older adults were included in the analysis. The trajectory analysis identified 3 clusters: "Never use," "Slow increase," and "Rapid increase." The "Never use" cluster indicated no internet use for one decade. In the slow increase cluster, internet use rose slowly with an average of 7.69 hours per week in 2020. In contrast, the "Rapid increase" cluster exhibited a sharp increase, reaching 15.13 hours per week in 2020. Compared to the "Never use" cluster, the "Slow increase" cluster was significantly negatively associated with depressive scores among middle-aged and older adults (coefficient -0.20, 95% CI -0.34 to -0.06), while the "Rapid increase" cluster showed no significant association. The benefits of internet use were more pronounced among females and older adults with chronic diseases than among their male and older adult counterparts without chronic diseases. The sensitive analysis confirmed the robustness of the results.

conclusionsThis study identified 3 trajectory clusters of internet usage time among middle-aged and older adults in China from 2010 to 2020. Compared to the older adults who never used the internet, those whose internet usage increases gradually over time exhibited slightly lower depressive scores. Notably, the "Slow increase" cluster exhibited a negative association with depressive scores, with this association being statistically significant in females and older adults with chronic diseases, but not in males or those without chronic diseases. Future initiatives should aim to establish an older adult-friendly internet environment to facilitate internet access for older adults and promote moderate internet use.