Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40417755›Full record

ArticleCurrent diabetes reviews2026

Determination, Validation, and Development of Prediction Scores Related to Hypoglycemia Risk Factors Among Ambulatory Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Bali, Indonesia.

Made Krisna Adi Jaya, Fita Rahmawati, Nanang Munif Yasin, Zullies Ikawati

Abstract readValidation Study
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In one paragraph

Article in Current diabetes reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Made Krisna Adi JayaFaculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0003-0342-6288
Fita RahmawatiFaculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0001-6698-5621
Nanang Munif YasinFaculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0002-2117-8102
Zullies IkawatiFaculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.ORCID 0000-0002-4812-055X

Funding

Indonesia Endowment Funds for Education (LPDP) 00438/BPPT/BPI.06/9/2023
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionHypoglycemia is a complication that can disrupt the continuity of therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. Therefore, ambulatory T2DM patients need supportive treatment to ensure the safety of their medication. Currently, health workers lack a standardized reference for assessing the risk of hypoglycemia in these patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine, validate, and develop a prediction score of risk factors influencing hypoglycemia in T2DM patients.

methodsThe psychometric properties method was used in this study design, including item development, content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity. During the process of item development, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with experts were used. Known predictors were then validated through panelists' content assessment. Risk factors for hypoglycemia from item development and content validation were tested for criterion and construct validation using a case-- control method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Eight significant predictors caused hypoglycemia, including insulin use, SU use, insulin-SU combination use, CKD, diabetic neuropathy, uncontrolled blood glucose, >5- year DM duration, and history of severe hypoglycemia, and the total score of risk factors was 24. The categories were defined as follows: scores of 0-8 as low-risk, 9-16 as moderate-risk, and 17-24 as high-risk. There was a positive linear relationship between the total score and risk category (p<0.05; r2: 0.959).

conclusionThis risk factor and score prediction model can be used by health workers in clinical practice to predict the risk of ambulatory hypoglycemia in T2DM patients because it meets content, criterion, and construct validity.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2HypoglycemiaHypoglycemic AgentsAdultAgedAmbulatory CareBlood GlucoseCase-Control StudiesFemaleHumansIndonesiaMaleMiddle AgedPsychometricsReproducibility of ResultsRisk AssessmentBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsAmbulatoryblood glucosediabetic neuropathyfocus group discussionshypoglycemiatype 2 diabetes mellitus

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.