ArticleFrontiers in neurology2025
Attention or memory deficits? An HIV study in Shanghai using local and norm-based controls.
Article in Frontiers in neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Digital language measures capture episodic memory disruptions in people with human immunodeficiency virus: A machine learning study.The Clinical neuropsychologist · 2026Article
- HIV-Associated Microstructural Abnormalities in Default Mode, Executive Control, and Salience Networks: Insights from Tensor-Valued Diffusion Encoding.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder is a major complication in people living with HIV (PLWH), with standardized neuropsychological tests being essential for clinical diagnosis. However, the selection of healthy controls significantly influences the interpretation of test results. This study compares neuropsychological outcomes using two control methods, local HIV-negative controls versus decades-old norms, to evaluate neurocognitive impairments in Shanghai and assess the applicability of existing norms to contemporary populations. Methods: A total of 244 PLWH who attended the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center between 2019 and 2024, along with 132 HIV-negative controls, participated in the study. Standardized neuropsychological tests covering seven cognitive domains were administered to provide a comprehensive cognitive function assessment. Neurocognitive impairments were defined by comparing them with either local controls or previously established norms. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, and education level, PLWH demonstrated significantly lower standardized scores compared to people living without HIV (PLWoH) in attention/working memory (49.2 ± 7.62 vs. 53.1 ± 6.34, Bonferroni-corrected Conclusion: Neurocognitive impairments in PLWH from Shanghai primarily involve attention/working memory and executive function. However, norm-based analysis emphasized impairments in memory and learning, underscoring significant discrepancies between local controls and outdated norms. These findings underscore the limitations of relying on outdated norms for evaluating neurocognitive impairment and emphasize the importance of developing updated, localized norms for accurate diagnosis and effective interventions.
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