ArticleEcology and evolution2025
Intensity of Nest Defense of White-Winged Choughs (
Article in Ecology and evolution, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Nesting birds face significant risks of predation, prompting parents to invest in nest defense. However, not all environments are the same, and parental investment may vary across different environments. Urbanization often leads to habitat changes and an increase in generalist nest predators, potentially driving a higher risk of reproductive failure for birds. This may require urban-breeding birds to invest more time and energy in nest defense, in addition to balancing other essential activities, such as incubation, foraging, and feeding their young. Here, we assess the impact of urbanization on nest defense by white-winged choughs (
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