ReviewClinical and translational medicine2025
Unravelling T cell exhaustion through co-inhibitory receptors and its transformative role in cancer immunotherapy.
Review in Clinical and translational medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- First-line PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone in stage IIIB-IV non-squamous NSCLC: an updated meta-analysis of phase 3 RCTs.BMC cancer · 2025Pooled it
- Integrated Multi-Omics Reveals Cellular States and Microenvironmental Remodeling in Coexisting DCIS and IDC.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Prognostic Value of EEF1A1 and Its Correlation with Immune Regulation in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma.Cancers · 2026Article
- Landscape of T-cell bispecific antibodies in cancer therapy: therapeutic strategies, challenges and future prospection.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- T Cell Exhaustion in Cancer Immunotherapy: Heterogeneity, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Checkpoint inhibitor-induced hematologic immune-related adverse events and their association with disease recurrence in hematolymphoid malignancies: a clinical perspective.Blood research · 2026Review
- Targeting CB1 and TRPM8 receptors to counteract CD8+ T cell exhaustion.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Outer membrane vesicles: Versatile nanocarriers for therapeutic delivery and immune modulation.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Next generation approaches in cancer immunotherapy targeting mechanisms beyond PD1 and PDL1.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Targeting Telomerase in Cancer: Vaccine-Based Strategies, Clinical Evidence, and Synergy with Immunotherapy.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Antigen Specificity and Cell Engineering Determine CAR T Cell Efficacy in Group 3 Medulloblastoma.Research square · 2026Article
- Associations between systemic immune-inflammation index and immune-related hypothyroidism in non-small cell lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Delineation of molecular subtypes based on pathway activation signatures reveals intrinsic tumor heterogeneity and pan-cancer shared features.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- The tumor microenvironment in leukemia: molecular pathways of immune evasion.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neurosurgery as an immune anchor point: a translational framework for perioperative immunoengineering.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Skin: A 2025 Comprehensive Review.Cancers · 2025Review
- Unravelling T cell exhaustion through co-inhibitory receptors and its transformative role in cancer immunotherapy.Clinical and translational medicine · 2025Review
- PELI1 in human cancers: a pan-cancer exploration of its molecular function, clinical significance, and immunomodulatory roles.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Persistent stimulation from cancer antigens leads to T lymphocytes (T cells) exhaustion, with up-regulated expression of co-inhibitory receptors, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). These receptors collectively impair T cell function via distinct molecular pathways, contributing to immune evasion and cancer progression. This review highlights the therapeutic promise of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in reversing T cell exhaustion while delving into the complex molecular processes and functional works of these important co-inhibitory receptors in tumourigenesis. Additionally, we examine the synergistic effects of combining ICIs with other therapeutic strategies, which can enhance anti-tumour efficacy. Finally, the clinical implications of bispecific antibodies are highlighted, representing a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy, that could revolutionise treatment paradigms while improving patient outcomes. HIGHLIGHTS: This review discusses five major co-inhibitory receptors (PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3 and TIGIT) and their related mechanisms of T cell exhaustion in the tumour environment. We also discuss the clinical application of checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in cancer immunotherapy. The potential of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) in cancer immunotherapy is highlighted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.