Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40414858›Full record

ArticleJournal of health, population, and nutrition2025

Associations of dietary insulin load and dietary insulin index with diabetic nephropathy and reduced kidney function among women: a case-control study.

Faezeh Abaj, Atieh Mirzababaei, Mohammad Gholizadeh, Yasaman Aali, Paria Jadidi, Reza Amiri Khosroshahi, Cain C T Clark, Khadijeh Mirzaei

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Article in Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Faezeh AbajDepartment of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
Atieh MirzababaeiChronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ati_babaee@yahoo.com.
Mohammad GholizadehDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Yasaman AaliDepartment of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Paria JadidiElectronic Health and Statistics Surveillance Research Center, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Reza Amiri KhosroshahiDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
Cain C T ClarkInstitute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
Khadijeh MirzaeiDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran. mirzaei_kh@tums.ac.ir.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIncreased insulin levels lead to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (IR). IR is one of the main causes of the onset and progression of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) and kidney failure in type 2 diabetic patients. The present case-control study sought to investigate the relationship between dietary insulin load (DIL) and index (DII) and the odds of DN and kidney function decline.

methodsAt the Kowsar Diabetes Clinic in Semnan, Iran, we enrolled 105 eligible women with DN and 105 controls (30-65 years old). Dietary insulin load (DIL) and index (DII) were assessed using a 147-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Using standard protocols, biochemical variables and anthropometric measurements were evaluated for all patients. To investigate potential associations, binary logistic regression was used.

resultsWe found that higher DII was associated with 2.72 times higher odds of albuminuria (OR: 2.77; 95% CI 1.16, 6.63) and 1.92 times higher odds of DN (OR: 1.92; 95% CI 1.11, 3.32) compared to lower adherence. Additionally, DIL was found to be statistically highly connected with mild to severe reduction of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in participants and 1.82 times greater odds of DN (OR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.01, 3.30).

conclusionThe findings from this research showed that a higher odds of DN were related to a higher level of adherence to DIL and DII. Increased adherence to DIL was strongly correlated with the likelihood of a decreased GFR. To clarify our findings, more prospective research is necessary.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Diabetic NephropathiesDietInsulinKidneyAdultAgedAlbuminuriaCase-Control StudiesFemaleGlomerular Filtration RateHumansInsulin ResistanceIranMiddle AgedInsulinCase–control studyDiabetic nephropathyDietary insulin indexDietary insulin loadWomen

Identifiers

PMID40414858
PMCPMC12103775

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