ArticleJournal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry
Pediatric Lateral Distal Femur Reference Ranges for Ages 1 to 18 years.
Article in Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Natural History of Morquio A Syndrome.Journal of inherited metabolic disease · 2026Review
- Commentary on Quality Improvement Case Series: "Osteogenesis Imperfecta or Non-accidental Trauma".Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2025Article
- Pediatric Lateral Distal Femur Reference Ranges for Ages 1 to 18 years.Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical DensitometryArticle
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionMany children with musculoskeletal disorders are at high risk of fracture, and the lateral distal femur (LDF) may be the only feasible site to measure bone mineral density (BMD) by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Pediatric reference ranges and adjustment for linear growth are needed to interpret BMD results.
methodsLateral distal femur scans by DXA were obtained on children, ages 1 to 18 y, from two clinical centers. Precision in young children was estimated from duplicate scans. Smoothed reference ranges for three regions of the LDF were generated. Prediction equations were developed to account for the effects of short or tall stature on BMD.
resultsWe obtained >2400 measurements on 1,245 children and generated reference ranges for three LDF BMD regions. Precision of BMD was similar (% CV of 1.33 to 2.42 %) to estimates reported at other skeletal sites. Modest sex differences were observed, with females having greater BMD than males at older ages. Children identified as Black had greater BMD than children identified as Non-Black. Height-for-age Z-scores were associated with BMD-for-age Z-scores in pre- and peri-pubertal children, and adjustment equations were generated.
conclusionsThis study fills substantial gaps in pediatric bone health assessment for children with musculoskeletal disorders who are at high-risk of fracture by providing smoothed reference ranges for ages 1 to 18 y and equations to estimate the impact of small body size on BMD-for-age Z-scores.
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