ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine
Immunological Responses to Tetanus and Influenza Vaccination in Donkeys.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Overview of Donkey Welfare and Husbandry Practices in Asia.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDonkeys are routinely vaccinated with protocols developed for horses, yet species-specific data on their immune responses are limited. HYPOTHESIS/
objectivesWe hypothesized that donkeys exhibit robust T-cell-mediated immunity and regulatory adaptation after vaccination, comparable to horses. ANIMALS: Thirty-six healthy, seronegative donkeys (34 mares, 2 stallions), aged 0.5-23 years (median 8 years), from two farms with similar housing and management conditions.
methodsProspective study. Animals were selected based on clinical health assessment and confirmed seronegativity for tetanus and equine influenza. All received a multivalent vaccine containing tetanus toxoid and equine influenza antigens. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months after vaccination. Flow cytometry assessed CD4+, CD8+, and CD4 + FoxP3+ T cells (primary outcomes), and monocyte subsets and B lymphocytes (PanB/CD21+) with intracellular IL-10, IL-17, and Ki67 (secondary outcomes). ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis.
resultsCD4+ T cells increased from 25.1% ± 1.4% to 37.3% ± 0.7% at month 1, CD8+ from 20.6% ± 1.5% to 32.2% ± 0.9% at month 2 (p < 0.001). CD4 + FoxP3+ peaked at 11.7% ± 0.6% at month 1 (baseline 6.8% ± 0.8%), then returned to baseline. CD14 + MHCII+ and CD14 + MHCII- monocytes declined; CD14 - MHCII+ increased (p < 0.01). PanB/CD21+ cells decreased from 41.5% ± 1.8% to 29.0% ± 1.0%, with significant reductions in IL-10+, IL-17+, and Ki67+ subsets (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Donkeys exhibit strong T-cell and regulatory immune responses after vaccination, supporting the clinical relevance of applying equine vaccination protocols to donkeys.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.