ArticleBMC public health2025
Monitoring the presence of human papillomavirus in public areas indicates non-sexual transmission of the virus and environmental risk.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Detection, persistence, and rising prevalence of oncogenic viruses revealed by wastewater metagenomics.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Human Papillomavirus: Update in Bridging Basic Science to Clinical and Public Health Innovations.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Wastewater Sequencing Reveals Persistent Circulation and Rising Prevalence of Several Oncogenic Viruses Across Texas.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn light of the potential for non-sexual transmission of human papillomavirus (HPV), this study aims to investigate the presence of α-HPV in public sanitary environments to explore the possibility of environmental transmission.
methodsOver a 30-day period, environmental samples were collected from three distinct areas across four locations, chosen based on their potential infection risk. The samples were analyzed for 23 HPV genotypes using real-time PCR.
resultsA total of 360 environmental samples were collected during 30 days, with 87 samples testing positive for HPV (24.17%, 87/360). The positivity rates at the four locations-public restrooms, community health centers, obstetrics and gynecology hospitals, and general hospitals-were 13.33%, 14.44%, 30.00%, and 38.89%, respectively. Among the different sampling areas, door handles, washbasins, and squat toilets showed positive rates of 5.00%, 14.17%, and 53.33%, respectively. Of the HPV-positive samples, 53.8% exhibited moderate to high viral concentrations as defined by this study. A total of 19 HPV genotypes were detected, with high-risk types accounting for 88.46% and low-risk types for 11.54%. The five most frequently detected genotypes were 51, 16, 52, 58, and 56.
conclusionHPV was detected in all four locations, with a more pronounced positivity rate found in general hospitals and obstetrics and gynecology hospitals. Squat toilets exhibited the highest positivity rate among sampling areas. High-risk HPV types were significantly more prevalent than low-risk types, and positive rates were higher in the high and medium concentration groups compared to the low concentration group. Notably, high-concentration HPV residues can persist for up to 7 h. These findings suggest that public restroom may serve as potential sources of HPV transmission, with shared public areas such as door handles, washbasins, and squat toilets representing possible routes for non-sexual transmission of the virus.
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