Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40410556›Full record

ArticleNature biomedical engineering2025

A biochemical sensor with continuous extended stability in vivo.

Yihang Chen, Kaiyu X Fu, Renee Cotton, Zihao Ou, Jean Won Kwak, Jun-Chau Chien, Vladimir Kesler, Hnin Yin Yin Nyein, Michael Eisenstein, H Tom Soh

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature biomedical engineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
25citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

25 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Review
  6. Design, Construction, and Application of Implantable Fiber Biosensors.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026
    Review
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Continuous, Week-Long, Seconds-ResolvedJournal of the American Chemical Society · 2026
    Article
  19. Review
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Yihang Chen *Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0008-7080-5927
Kaiyu X Fu *Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Renee CottonDepartment of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Zihao OuDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2987-7423
Jean Won KwakDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-9242
Jun-Chau ChienDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Vladimir KeslerDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Hnin Yin Yin NyeinDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Michael EisensteinDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
H Tom SohDepartment of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. tsoh@stanford.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9443-857X

Funding

Real-time biosensor for mapping the function of the pancreasOT2OD025342 · OD · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI SOH, HYONGSOK TOM · 2018 to 2021
$4.6M
NIH HHS OT2 OD025342U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) OT2OD025342
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The development of biosensors that can detect specific analytes continuously, in vivo, in real time has proven difficult due to biofouling, probe degradation and signal drift that often occur in vivo. By drawing inspiration from intestinal mucosa that can protect host cell receptors in the presence of the gut microbiome, we develop a synthetic biosensor that can continuously detect specific target molecules in vivo. The biomimetic multicomponent sensor features the hierarchical nano-bio interface design with three-dimensional bicontinuous nanoporous structure, polymer coating and aptamer switches, balancing small-molecule sensing and surface protection in complex biological environments. Our system is stable for at least 1 month in undiluted serum in vitro or 1 week implanted within the blood vessels of free-moving rats, retaining over 50% baseline signal and reproducible calibration curves. We demonstrate that the implanted system can intravenously track pharmacokinetics in real time even after 4 days of continuous exposure to flowing blood within rat femoral vein. In this way, our work provides a generalizable design foundation for biosensors that can continuously operate in vivo for extended durations.

Indexed as

Biosensing TechniquesAnimalsAptamers, NucleotideMalePolymersRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyAptamers, NucleotidePolymers

Identifiers

PMID40410556
PMCPMC12997450

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.